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gcse physics year 10 > topic 4 > Flashcards

topic 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the current model of the atom called

A

Nuclear model

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2
Q

What is a nuclear model

A

A model with a nucleus in the middle surrounded by electrons

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3
Q

What is the radius of an atom

A

1 x 10^-10 m

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4
Q

What charge do protons have

A

Positive charge

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5
Q

What charge do neutrons have the

A

No charge

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6
Q

What charge does the nucleus have

A

A positive charge

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7
Q

What charge do electrons have

A

No charge

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8
Q

What do electrons do

A

Orbit around the nucleus on shells at different distances

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9
Q

What overall charge do atoms have

A

No overall charge

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10
Q

The number of protons =

A

The number of electrons

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11
Q

The further an energy level is from the nucleus the more ….

A

Energy an electron in that energy level has

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12
Q

How can electrons move between energy levels

A

By absorbing (taking in) or releasing ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

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13
Q

How can an electron move closer to the nucleus

A

By releasing electromagnetic radiation

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14
Q

How can an electron move further away from the nucleus

A

By absorbing electromagnetic radiation

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15
Q

How can electron leave an atom

A

By absorbing electromagnetic radiation if only it is on the outer most shell

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16
Q

The number of protons in an atom is called

A

Its atomic number

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17
Q

What charge do the protons in a nucleus give to the nucleus

A

A positive charge

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18
Q

The atomic number of an atom tells you the charge on

A

The nucleus

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19
Q

The mass number is the sum of

A

Protons and neutrons

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20
Q

What is an element

A

A substance only containing atoms with the same number of protons

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21
Q

What are isotopes

A

Atoms with the same number of protons and different number of neutrons

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22
Q

As some isotopes are unstable, what do they do

A

Emit (give out) radiation from their nuclei to try and become more stable

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23
Q

Where do isotopes emit radiation from

A

Their nuclei

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24
Q

What is the radiation emitted called

A

Nuclear Radiation

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25
Q

How many type of radiation is there

A

4

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26
Q

What are isotopes that give out nuclear radiation called

A

Radioactive isotopes

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27
Q

What are the 4 types of radiation

A

-alpha particles -beta particles -gamma rays -neutrons

28
Q

What is an alpha particle

A

2 neutrons and 2 protons

29
Q

What is a beta particle

A

A fast moving electron

30
Q

What are gamma rays

A

Waves of electromagnetic radiation

31
Q

What is ionising radiation

A

Radiation that can knock electrons off atoms and turn them into ions

32
Q

What does ionising radiation do

A

Knock off electrons and turn them into ions

33
Q

What type of ionising power do alpha particles have

A

Strong ionising powers

34
Q

What type of ionising power do beta particles have

A

Moderate

35
Q

What type of ionising power do gamma rays have

A

Weak

36
Q

What can alpha particles be STOPPED by

A

A sheet of paper

37
Q

What can beta particles be STOPPED by

A

A sheet of aluminium

38
Q

What can gamma rays be STOPPED by

A

Thick sheets of LEAD or metres of CONCRETE

39
Q

Nucleus before decay —–>

A

Nucleus after decay + radiation emitted

40
Q

what is alpha decay

A

when an alpha particle is emitted from a radioactive nucleus

41
Q

an alpha particle is the same as a H… nucleus

A

helium

42
Q

alpha decay increases or decreases the charge and mass of the nucleus

A

decreases

43
Q

beta decay increases or decreases the charge of the nucleus

A

increases

44
Q

alpha decay decreases the …

A

charge and mass of the nucleus

45
Q

beta decay increases the …

A

charge of the nucleus

46
Q

what is beta decay

A

when a beta particle is emitted from a radioactive nucleus

47
Q

what does a neuron turn into during a beta decay

A

a proton

48
Q

as a neutron turns into a proton during a beta decay what happens to the atomic number of the nucleus

A

the atomic number goes up by 1

49
Q

how can radiation be measured

A

by a Geiger-Muller tube and counter detector

50
Q

what is a count rate

A

the number of decays the counter measures every second

51
Q

what is the activity of a radioactive source

A

the rate at which it decays (unstable nuclei)

52
Q

what is activity measured in

A

bequerels Bq

53
Q

what is half-life

A

the time taken for the number of nuclei of a radioactive of a radioactive isotope in a sample to halve

54
Q

half-time is also the time taken …

A

for the count-rate or activity of a sample to fall to half of its initial (starting) value

55
Q

ionising radiation can damage what

A

cells

56
Q

how can ionising radiation damage cells

A

it van enter living cells and ionise atoms in them. This can damage cells, maybe cause cancer or kills cells of completely

57
Q

what is exposure to radiation called

A

irradiation

58
Q

how can you help stop irradiation? (3)

A

.store radioactive sources in lead-lined boxes when they are not being used -stand behind barriers that will absorb radiation when using sources -keep the source as far away from you as possible

59
Q

what is contamination

A

unwanted radioactive particles getting onto objects

60
Q

how can you stop contamination

A

-wear gloves -use tongs when handling radioactive sources

61
Q

what are top 2 most dangerous sources to be irradiated by

A

beta and gamma sources

62
Q

inside the body what is the most dangerous source to be contaminated by

A

alpha sources

63
Q

why is alpha source to most dangerous to be contaminated by

A

because it is the most ionising type of radiation

64
Q

why are gamma and beta sources the most dangerous to be irradiated by

A

because they have long ranges so more radiation will reach you

65
Q

why are beta and gamma sources very dangerous

A

because they can penetrate (go through) your body and damage your organs

66
Q
A
66
Q
A

gcse physics year 10 (5 decks)

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