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gcse physics year 10 > topic 4 > Flashcards

topic 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the current model of the atom called

A

Nuclear model

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2
Q

What is a nuclear model

A

A model with a nucleus in the middle surrounded by electrons

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3
Q

What is the radius of an atom

A

1 x 10^-10 m

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4
Q

What charge do protons have

A

Positive charge

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5
Q

What charge do neutrons have the

A

No charge

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6
Q

What charge does the nucleus have

A

A positive charge

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7
Q

What charge do electrons have

A

No charge

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8
Q

What do electrons do

A

Orbit around the nucleus on shells at different distances

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9
Q

What overall charge do atoms have

A

No overall charge

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10
Q

The number of protons =

A

The number of electrons

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11
Q

The further an energy level is from the nucleus the more ….

A

Energy an electron in that energy level has

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12
Q

How can electrons move between energy levels

A

By absorbing (taking in) or releasing ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

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13
Q

How can an electron move closer to the nucleus

A

By releasing electromagnetic radiation

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14
Q

How can an electron move further away from the nucleus

A

By absorbing electromagnetic radiation

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15
Q

How can electron leave an atom

A

By absorbing electromagnetic radiation if only it is on the outer most shell

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16
Q

The number of protons in an atom is called

A

Its atomic number

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17
Q

What charge do the protons in a nucleus give to the nucleus

A

A positive charge

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18
Q

The atomic number of an atom tells you the charge on

A

The nucleus

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19
Q

The mass number is the sum of

A

Protons and neutrons

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20
Q

What is an element

A

A substance only containing atoms with the same number of protons

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21
Q

What are isotopes

A

Atoms with the same number of protons and different number of neutrons

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22
Q

As some isotopes are unstable, what do they do

A

Emit (give out) radiation from their nuclei to try and become more stable

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23
Q

Where do isotopes emit radiation from

A

Their nuclei

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24
Q

What is the radiation emitted called

A

Nuclear Radiation

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25
How many type of radiation is there
4
26
What are isotopes that give out nuclear radiation called
Radioactive isotopes
27
What are the 4 types of radiation
-alpha particles -beta particles -gamma rays -neutrons
28
What is an alpha particle
2 neutrons and 2 protons
29
What is a beta particle
A fast moving electron
30
What are gamma rays
Waves of electromagnetic radiation
31
What is ionising radiation
Radiation that can knock electrons off atoms and turn them into ions
32
What does ionising radiation do
Knock off electrons and turn them into ions
33
What type of ionising power do alpha particles have
Strong ionising powers
34
What type of ionising power do beta particles have
Moderate
35
What type of ionising power do gamma rays have
Weak
36
What can alpha particles be STOPPED by
A sheet of paper
37
What can beta particles be STOPPED by
A sheet of aluminium
38
What can gamma rays be STOPPED by
Thick sheets of LEAD or metres of CONCRETE
39
Nucleus before decay -----\>
Nucleus after decay + radiation emitted
40
what is alpha decay
when an alpha particle is emitted from a radioactive nucleus
41
an alpha particle is the same as a H... nucleus
helium
42
alpha decay increases or decreases the charge and mass of the nucleus
decreases
43
beta decay increases or decreases the charge of the nucleus
increases
44
alpha decay decreases the ...
charge and mass of the nucleus
45
beta decay increases the ...
charge of the nucleus
46
what is beta decay
when a beta particle is emitted from a radioactive nucleus
47
what does a neuron turn into during a beta decay
a proton
48
as a neutron turns into a proton during a beta decay what happens to the atomic number of the nucleus
the atomic number goes up by 1
49
how can radiation be measured
by a Geiger-Muller tube and counter detector
50
what is a count rate
the number of decays the counter measures every second
51
what is the activity of a radioactive source
the rate at which it decays (unstable nuclei)
52
what is activity measured in
bequerels Bq
53
what is half-life
the time taken for the number of nuclei of a radioactive of a radioactive isotope in a sample to halve
54
half-time is also the time taken ...
for the count-rate or activity of a sample to fall to half of its initial (starting) value
55
ionising radiation can damage what
cells
56
how can ionising radiation damage cells
it van enter living cells and ionise atoms in them. This can damage cells, maybe cause cancer or kills cells of completely
57
what is exposure to radiation called
irradiation
58
how can you help stop irradiation? (3)
.store radioactive sources in lead-lined boxes when they are not being used -stand behind barriers that will absorb radiation when using sources -keep the source as far away from you as possible
59
what is contamination
unwanted radioactive particles getting onto objects
60
how can you stop contamination
-wear gloves -use tongs when handling radioactive sources
61
what are top 2 most dangerous sources to be irradiated by
beta and gamma sources
62
inside the body what is the most dangerous source to be contaminated by
alpha sources
63
why is alpha source to most dangerous to be contaminated by
because it is the most ionising type of radiation
64
why are gamma and beta sources the most dangerous to be irradiated by
because they have long ranges so more radiation will reach you
65
why are beta and gamma sources very dangerous
because they can penetrate (go through) your body and damage your organs
66
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gcse physics year 10 (5 decks)

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