Topic 4 Flashcards
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Describe the classification of species into the taxonomic hierarchy.
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and species
Cartilaginous vs. Bony fish: Scales
Cartilaginous: placoid, tooth like scales
Bony fish: Cycloid. thin, bony, grow out of skin. protects tissue. Provides camouflage. Reduces drag.
Cartilaginous vs. Bony fish: Mouth
Cart: ventral, on the underside
Bony: terminal, front side of head facing forwards
Cartilaginous vs. Bony fish: tail lobes
Cart: 5-7 pairs, slits
Bony: 4 pairs, covered by operculum
Cartilaginous vs. Bony fish: Position in water
Cart: fins, lower density (cartilage and oily liver)
Bony: Swim bladder. Gas filled that controls flotation. can contract or expand for going up/down.
Cartilaginous vs. Bony fish: Sensory
Cart: ampullae of Lorenzini, lateral line (jelly-filled canals connecting pores to sensory bulbs)
Bony: lateral line (connection of nerves)
Cartilaginous vs. Bony fish: Reproduction
Cart: Internal fertilization, variety od developments, fewer offspring
Bony: external fertilization, ovipary development (eggs are laid and develop outside of the mother’s body), more offspring
binomial nomenclature
Two parts:
Genus: capitalized
Species: lowe case
Italicized or underlined
features of adult echinoderms
- spiny skin, endoskeleton covered by thin skin
-pentaradial symmetry
- water vascular system (network of canals, external projections called tube feet)
features of crustaceans
-carapace (head and thorax)
-segmented abdomen (females can carry eggs)
-jointed legs
-2 pairs of antennae (sensory)
features of bony fish
operculum
gills
scales
lateral line
fins (pectoral, caudal, anal, dorsal, and pelvic)
features of cartilaginous fish
gill slits
denticles
fins (pectoral, caudal, pelvic, anal, and dorsal)
features of macroalgae (seaweed)
holdfast (anchor)
stipe (stem)
gas bladders (keeps blades afloat)
blades (photosynthesis)
features of marine plants
rhizome (run horizontally under the sediment to hold in place and allow asexual reproduction)
roots (anchor and absorb nutrients)
flowers (produce pollen)
leaves (photosynthesis)
Genetic diversity
the differences in DNA among individuals within a species or population
Species diversity
the number or variety of species in the world or in a particular region
Ecosystem diversity
the number or variety of ecosystems within a particular area
the importance of marine biodiversity
-More biodiversity=more stable
-provides protection of the coastal environment
-climate control
-food sources
-sources of medicine
Ecosystem
a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment
ex: Great Barrier Reef (living organisms: coral, fish, and algae) (non-living: water, sunlight, and the physical structure of the reef)
niche
the role or function of an organism or species within an ecosystem, including how it obtains and uses resources.
Ex:seagrass beds (provide a habitat for small fish, serve as a feeding ground, contribute to nutrient cycling)
species
a group of organisms that share common characteristics and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
population
group of individuals of the same species living in a specific geographic area at the same time
Ex: population of bluefin tuna in the North Atlantic Ocean represents the total number of bluefin tuna individuals within that particular region.
community
group of populations of different species that live and interact in the same area
Ex: kelp forest community (various species: kelp, sea urchins, fish, and sea otters) organisms interact with each other, web of relationships
Abiotic factors
non-living components of an ecosystem that influence the living organisms within it. shape the physical and chemical conditions of the environment.
ex: Temperature, Light, Water
Biotic factors
living or once-living components of an ecosystem, including all organisms and their interactions with one another
ex: : Plants, Animals, Microorganisms
the mark-release-recapture method
-to estimate the size of a population for a particular species within a defined area
-assumes that the marked individuals have fully mixed with the population, and that the probability of capturing a marked individual is the same as capturing an unmarked individual.
-useful in situations where it is difficult to count the entire population directly
-on factors such as the marking method, the time between marking and recapturing, and the assumptions made about the population’s behavior
Understand how to use the Lincoln Index and identify limitations of the method.
Assumptions: assumes that the population is closed during the study period, meaning no immigration, emigration, births, or deaths occur
Marking Effect: of marking individuals may affect their behavior
Mark Loss: could lose their mark
Unequal Catchability: Some individuals may be more or less likely to be caught, affecting the accuracy of the estimate.
Population Dynamics: Index does not account for changes in population size over time, births, or deaths during the study period
random sampling
Adv:
- no bias
-more representative
-statistical analysis is often simpler
Dis:
- logistically challenging
- may not capture specific subgroups
Systematic sampling
involves selecting individuals at regular intervals from a list after a random starting point has been determined
Adv:
-simpler and more practical (esp in large pop)
-ensures equal coverage
Dis:
-if there is a periodic pattern in the population it might lead to biased results
-may not be suitable of there is a hidden order in the population
