topic 4 Flashcards
what is visual guidance ?
when the performer can see the skill being performed or practiced
what are the different types of visual guidance ?
- demonstration
- image
- video
- observation
how is demonstration used for visual guidance ?
- a coach or another performer demonstrates the skill or movement, usually highlighting key aspects that are important
how are images used for visual guidance ?
there’s a photo, diagram, or drawing of the skill
how are videos used for visual guidance ?
either an example of the skill being performed or a recording of the performer’s own performance
how is an observation used for visual guidance ?
observing a game or another performer
what does visual guidance show ?
the skill as a whole movement, broken down into steps, or applied within a real situation
what are the positives of visual guidance ?
- helps learners who are at the early stages of learning the skill and have never seen or experienced the skill
- helps skilled performers refine specific elements of a skill
give an example of an athlete who used visual guidance ?
Julius Yego, 2015 javelin world champion learnt to do the javelin by watching videos online
how does visual guidance technology help support athletes ?
- breaks down complex skills into series of static movements
- athletes can record and playback their performances to see when skills when were performed effectively
- athletes can overlay multiple performances to compare
- athletes can compare their own performance to another athletes, elite vs regular
who gives verbal guidance ?
is given by an observer after watching your performance
what are the different types of verbal guidance ?
- coaching points - given by coach relating to technique of performance
- feedback - given by coaches
- peer feedback - given by peers
- questioning - by the coach so the performer is prompted to self evaluate
why does feedback need to be constructive ?
to help the performer improve their skill
why does feedback need to be specific and accurate ?
so the performer knows exactly what and how to improve
when is verbal feedback given ?
before, during, and after practice or a performance
give an example of constructive feedback in netball
telling the netballer to open their fingers wider when doing a chest pass to have more power and control
give an example of unhelpful feedback in netball
telling the netballer they need to pass the ball better next time
what is manual guidance ?
when a performer is physically guided or supported by the coach
what is manual sometimes referred as ?
physical manipulation
give an example of manual guidance
coach supporting a gymnast doing a handstand
when is manual guidance used ?
during practice
what is mechanical guidance ?
when a piece of equipment or an aid is used to help a performer learn and practice a skill
give an example of mechanical guidance
float in swimming to develop leg action
why is mechanical guidance useful ?
it allows the performer to develop the full feeling of the full movement and gain confidence
when is mechanical guidance used ?
at early stages of learning
how does mechanical guidance help with elite sport ?
it involves high tech methods
what is intrinsic feedback ?
the physical feel of the movement as it’s being performed, what is felt by the performer
what is extrinsic feedback ?
provided by external sources, during or after a performance
who can give extrinsic feedback ?
- teachers
- coaches
- peers
- teammates
- scores / results
what are the 2 different types of feedback ?
- knowledge of results
- knowledge of performance
give an example of extrinsic feedback
a basketball player can hear verbal feedback from a coach
what is knowledge of results ?
focuses on the end of the performance , like the performers score, time or position, factual results
what is knowledge of results sometimes referred to ?
terminal feedback
what is knowledge of performance ?
focuses on how well the athlete performed, not the end result
give an example of knowledge of performance ?
receiving your personal best time in a race despite coming last
what are the advantages of intrinsic feedback ?
- helps performer focus on the feel of a skill
- helps performer solve problems themselves
- helps performer develop skills independently
- give performer more time to practice
what are the advantages of extrinsic feedback ?
- provides new or additional guidance
- helps performers to identify problems
- offers solutions to problems
- prevents performers from reaching a dead end
what type of feedback to beginner athletes usually benefit more with ?
extrinsic feedback - as it helps them acquire basic skills
what type of feedback to elite athletes use more often as they improve ?
intrinsic feedback - to help refine and master skills
what is positive feedback ?
feedback used when the performer achieves the intended outcome
give an example of positive feedback
rugby player passes the ball and receives positive feedback when receiver successfully catches the pass
what is negative feedback ?
when a performer does not achieve the intended outcome
give an example of negative feedback
when a netballer shoots and misses, they receihve negative feedback
how does negative feedback help improve the performer ?
it encourages the performer to adjust their technique
how does positive feedback improve the performer ?
it is used as a motivation tool
when would positive feedback be used ?
if a footballer is losing a match, giving positive feedback can keep them motivated, encourages them
when would negative feedback be used ?
swimmer, during trainer to improve technique
when would knowledge of results be used ?
netball - the score allows you to see how well you did and what you need to improve
when would knowledge of performance be used?
knowing what your time in a race was to see if you got a personal best, even if you lose the race to keep you encouraged
when would extrinsic feedback be used?
a coach in basketball telling you how to improve during a match
when could intrinsic feedback be used ?
in rounder, feeling how hard you hit the ball and seeing how good the hit was
what is verbal guidance ?
when you’re given instructions, being given key skill points
when is guidance effective ?
- combined with verbal guidance
- focused on main points in the skill
- delivered quickly
- concise
- easy to copy
- clear
- easy to understand and put into practice
- skill ability is suited to ability of the athlete
- skill ability is relative to the age of the athlete
what is guidance ?
giving the athlete advise on what they should do and support or help to improve performance, by teachers or coaches
what are the 4 types of guidance ?
- visual
- verbal
- mechanical
- manual
what is arousal ?
the level of activation and alertness experienced by a performer
give an example of arousal
a judo player having a higher arousal before a bout, and then having low arousal levels hours after the competition has finished
what is the inverted ‘U’ theory ?
a theory that suggests that :
- sporting performance improves as arousal increases but there is a threshold point, any increase in arousal beyond the threshold point will worsen performance
what is under-arousal ?
when the performer has low arousal levels, resulting in the performance usually being low - also known as boredom
give an example of when under-arousal may occur ?
when an elite tennis player is playing a lowly ranked opponent
what is optimum arousal ?
at medium arousal levels, when performance peaks
give an example of optimum arousal
when a boxer gets themselves into the right zone to perform their best
what is over-arousal ?
a high arousal level, or panic - performance quality deteriorates
give an example of over-arousal
a footballer performing poorly when their team is losing 3-0 so starts to panic
give an example of when arousal levels may change during a game
- half fly in rugby needs high levels of arousal when making a big hit compared to taking a penalty kick, when calmness is ideal
what is imagery ?
a mental or psychological technique where the performer visualizes themselves being successful in their performance
give an example of how imagery may be used
- performers recreating a good performance in their mind
- performers ‘make up’ a positive new experience, e.g before taking a penalty, a footballer visualizing the ball hitting the bag of the net
what is mental rehearsal ?
where the performer pictures themselves executing a skill in their mind, focusing on the specific stages and the correct techniques
give an example of mental rehearsal
a trampolinist mentally rehearsing a backwards somersault before performing the skill
how does using all senses improve imagery ?
it makes the imagery more vivid
give on example of how sight may improve imagery ?
a javelin thrower pictures how far the javelin will travel
give an example of how hearing may improve imagery ?
archer hearing the arrow hitting the target
give an example of how touch may improve imagery ?
gymnast touching the bars
give an example of how smell may improve imagery ?
swimmer smelling the chlorine in a pool
give an example of how taste may improve imagery ?
rower tasting salt in the air
how does imagery help the performer ?
- builds confidence
- reduces anxiety
- provides focus
- improves results
- overcomes problems
what is a physical and psychological process ?
a physical and psychological process, affects the body, and the body and mind are interlinked so it affects how the athlete feels
what is breathing control ?
a physical and psychological process which helps performers breathe steadily from the diaphragm to reduce anxiety
how do people breathe when they are anxious ?
from their upper chest, breathing is rapid and shallow
what is self talk ?
a psychological process which is the voice in our heads, telling ourselves about a situation
give an example of positive self talk
“i can run faster”
give an example of negative self talk
” i’m no good at running”
when do performers use self talk ?
when they are learning new skills or are in challenging situations during a performance
what are are the different parts of the respiratory system ?
- nasal cavity
- mouth
- trachea
- bronchus
- bronchioles
- alveoli
- diaphragm
- lung
describe airs journey in the body ?
- air enters the body and is warmed as it travels through the mouth and nose
- it then enters the trachea
- the trachea divides into two bronchi. One bronchus enters each lung
- each bronchus branches out into smaller tubes called bronchioles. Air travels through these bronchioles
- at the end of the bronchioles, the air enters one of the many millions of alveoli, where gaseous change takes place
what is breathing ?
the term given to the process of taking air into and out of the lungs
what are the 2 important structures for breathing ?
- diaphragm
- intercostal muscles
what is the diaphragm ?
a sheet of muscles that separates the chest cavity from the rest of the body
what are intercostal muscles ?
found in-between ribs, control rib movement
what is inspiration ?
breathing in
what happens to the diaphragm when you breathe in ?
it contracts and moves downwards
what happens to the intercostal muscles when you breathe in ?
contract and move the ribs upwards and outwards
what happens to the chest due to the movement in the diaphragm and intercostal muscles when breathing in ?
the size of the chest increases, and decreases the air pressure inside of it, which sucks air into the lungs
what happens when expiration begins with breathing in (inspiration) ?
inspiration is assisted by the pectoral muscles and the sternocleidomastoid to help lift the ribs up even further
what is expiration ?
breathing out
what happens to the diaphragm during expiration ?
it relaxes and moves back into its domed shape
what happens to the intercostal muscles during expiration ?
relax, so the ribs move inwards and downwards under their own weight
what happens to the chest size due to the way
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles moves during expiration ?
it gets smaller, which increases the air pressure in the chest which forces air out of the lungs
what happens with expiration during exercise ?
the passive process of relaxation becomes active as the abdominal muscles pull the ribs downwards and inwards even further
where does gaseous exchange take place ?
in the alveoli, in the lungs
how does gaseous exchange take place ?
diffusion
how does diffusion work in the alveoli ?
the alveoli is surrounded by capillaries so carbon dioxide and oxygen diffuse between the air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries
what is diffusion ?
the movement of gas from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
where is there a high concentration of oxygen in the body ?
the alveoli
where is there a low concentration of oxygen in the body ?
the blood
where is there a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the body ?
the blood
where is there a low concentration of carbon dioxide in the body ?
the alveoli
what can oxygen and carbon dioxide combine with ?
haemoglobin
what does haemoglobin do ?
carries oxygen to be exchanged at the working muscle and carbon dioxide to be exchanged at the lung
what features of the capillary and alveoli is useful for diffusion ?
they have thin walls - 1 cell thick - and made of semi permeable membrane to allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to pass through it
what is tidal volume ?
the amount of air breathed in with each normal breath
what is the average tidal volume ?
500 ml
what is the inspiratory reserve volume ?
the maximum amount of additional air that can be taken into the lungs with each normal breath
what is expiratory reserve volume ?
the maximum amount of additional air that can be forced out of the lungs after a normal breath
what is residual volume ?
the amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal out breath
what does residual volume help with ?
keeping the lungs partially inflated to protect the microscopic structures from being damaged
what happens to tidal volume during exercise ?
it increases
why does tidal volume increase during exercise ?
to take in more oxygen and removing more carbon dioxide
why does your heart rate increase during exercise ?
it increases the rate that oxygen is transported from the blood to the working muscles and carbon dioxide is transported from the working muscles to the lungs
why does the cardio-respiratory system work together ?
to get the oxygen to the working muscles and to remove carbon dioxide from the body
what is a spirometer ?
a device which tracks the lung volumes
hoe is blood pumped around the body ?
by the heart
what are the 4 chambers of the heart ?
- left atrium
- right atrium
- left ventricle
- right ventricle
describe how blood moves through the heart and around the body
- deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium through the vena cava
- blood passes from the right atrium to the right ventricle, then to the lungs
- oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium through the pulmonary vein
- blood passes from the left atrium to the left ventricle, through the aorta and into the body
what do the valves in the heart do ?
keep blood flowing in the right direction, prevents it from flowing backwards
blood in the left ventricle leaves the heart in the bodies main artery, called what ?
the aorta
blood in the right ventricle leaves the heart from which artery ?
the pulmonary artery
humans have a double circulatory system, what is this ?
where the blood flows through 2 circuits
what are the 2 different circuits blood flows through ?
- the pulmonary circulation
- the systemic circulation
where does the pulmonary circulation transport blood to ?
the lungs
what happens with blood at the lungs ?
- oxygen diffuses into the blood from the alveoli, blood becomes oxygenated
- carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and into the lungs
where does the systemic circulation transport blood to ?
the body
what does systemic circulation do ?
transports oxygen and nutrients to the body, and carbon dioxide and other wastes away from cells
what kind of pressure is systemic circulation under ?
high pressure
why is systemic circulation under high pressure ?
it has to deliver blood to the extremities of the body
why is pulmonary circulation under lower pressure ?
- blood is delivered to the lungs only, which is very close to the heart
- in a healthy person, lower pressure is optimum for the diffusion of gases
how do you calculate cardiac output ?
cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
what is stroke volume ?
the volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle each time the heart beats
what is heart rate ?
the number of beats per minute
if the heart rate increases, what will happen to its cardiac output ?
it increases
if stroke volume increases, what will happen to the cardiac output ?
it increases
what is cardiac output ?
the volume of blood pumped through each ventricle per minute
what is the cardiac cycle ?
the pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart during 1 complete heartbeat
what is contraction of the heart muscle known as ?
systole
what is relaxation of the heart muscle known as ?
diastole
the cardiac cycle has 3 stages, what are they ?
- atrial and ventricular diastole
- atrial systole
- ventricular systole
what is atrial and ventricular diastole ?
chambers are relaxing and filling with blood
what is atrial systole ?
atria contract, and remaining blood is pushed into ventricles
what is ventricular systole ?
ventricles contract, and push blood through the aorta and pulmonary artery
what is a lever formed of ?
bones, joints and muscles
what are the three main components of a lever ?
fulcrum
effort
load
what is a fulcrum ?
a fixed point (joint)
what is an effort ?
a forces acting to produce a movement
what is a load ?
a resistance that’s being placed on the body - weight of body part that is being moved / anything that it is carrying
what is a 1st class lever ?
the fulcrum is in the middle of the effort or the load
give an example of a 1st class lever
a football throw in
what is a 2nd class lever ?
the load is in the middle of the effort and the fulcrum
give an example of a 2nd class lever
heel raises
what is a 3rd class lever ?
where the effort is in the middle of the load and the fulcrum
give an example of a 3rd class lever
bicep curl
what is a mechanical advantage (levers) ?
the lever can overcome a large load with little effort
what is a mechanical advantage useful for ?
joints which are weight bearing as they have to overcome the weight of the whole body
how do you calculate mechanical advantage ?
effort arm / resistance arm
the greater the effort in comparison to the resistance arm, what will happen to the mechanical advantage ?
the greater the mechanical advantage
what is a plane ?
an imaginary flat surface running through the body
what is an axis ?
an imaginary line at right angles of the plane, about which the body rotates or spins
what are the 3 types of planes ?
- sagittal
- frontal
- transverse
what is a sagittal plane ?
a vertical plane that divides the body into left and right sides.
what type of movements occurs in sagittal planes ?
flexion and extension
give an example of a sagittal plane movement
front somersault
what is a frontal plane ?
passes from side to side and divides the body into front and back
what type of movements occurs in frontal planes ?
abduction and adduction
give an example of a frontal plane movement
cartwheel
what is a transverse plane ?
passes through the center of your body and divides the body horizontally in an upper and lower half
what type of movement occurs in transverse planes ?
rotation
give an example of a transverse plane movement
full spin
what are the 3 types of axis ?
- transverse
- sagittal
- longitudinal
what plane does the transverse axis often correlate with ?
sagittal plane
what is a transverse axis ?
the line which runs from left to right through the center of the body
give an example of a transverse axis movement
front somersault - rotate around this axis
what plane does a sagittal axis often correlate with ?
frontal plane
what is a sagittal axis ?
line runs from front to back through the center of the body
give an example of a sagittal axis movement ?
cartwheel - rotating about this axis
what plane does the longitudinal axis often correlate with ?
transverse plane
what is a longitudinal axis ?
line runs from top to bottom through the center of the body
give an example of a longitudinal axis movement ?
skater spin - rotating around this axis
what is direct aggression ?
purposeful aggression that involves physical contact with others
what is indirect aggression ?
aggression which does not involve physically contacting another player, but can affect them mentally
give an example of direct aggression
tackle in rugby
give an example of indirect aggression
haka dance
why is personality important ?
the type of personality characteristics of a performer can have an impact on the activities they decide to participate in
why is personality important in sport ?
- Marathon runners need to feel comfortable running alone
- snooker and dart players need to be calm so they can take their shot
- boxers need to be able to endure significant physical pain
- team sports such as hockey players need to be good communicators
what are the 2 main personality types ?
- introvert
- extrovert
what is an introvert ?
a quiet, shy, reserved personality type
what type of sports do introverts typically do ?
individual sports
what are the characteristics of an introvert ?
- enjoy their own company and likes being alone
- prefers taking part in sports by themselves
- practices alone or in the company of few others
- performs best at lower levels of arousal
- prefers sport which requires fine movement skills and high levels of concentration and accuracy
- have lower levels of pain tolerance/ idslike contact sports
what levels of arousal do most introverts work best at ?
low levels
what is an extrovert ?
a sociable, lively, optimistic, outgoing personality typemore associated with team sports
what are the characteristics of extroverts ?
- enjoy interacting with others and get bored easily when on their own
- prefer team sports and group practice sessions
- perform best at higher levels of arousal
– prefers sports that require gross movements and lower levels of concentration and accuracy - have a higher pain tolerance
- enjoys contact sports with lots of action
what levels of arousal do extroverts work best at ?
high levels - lively, outgoing
what type of personality suits netballers ?
extroverts - outgoing, communicative, works well in teams, involves gross skills and high intensity
what type of personality suits gymnasts ?
introverts - independently, beam involves fine movement skills, requires lots of concentration and lower levels of arousal
what is motivation ?
the desire required to be successful, a driving force that makes you do something and decide how much effort to put in
how can motivation be seen ?
by the amount of effort put into a task
how well we direct our focus
how long we stick to a task, especially one that is difficult
what we are willing to sacrifice for success
give an example of an athlete who used motivation to become successful ?
Michael Jordan - told he was to short to make it to the NBA but stayed motivated, practiced and became successful
Lionel Messi - left his home at 13 years age to join an academy in Barcelona
what is intrinsic motivation ?
motivation that comes from simply doing the activity, rather than to gain external prizes and rewards - from within
what are sources of intrinsic motivation ?
social rewards when playing in a team
satisfaction that comes when overcoming a challenge
seeing improvements in physical fitness
what is extrinsic motivation ?
motivating forces which come outside the person and the activity
what are sources of extrinsic motivation ?
praise from a parent, crowd or coach
rewards in terms of money, prizes or trophies
the desire for attention, publicity and fame
the search for sponsorship or a better contract
what is an incentive ?
something that motivates or encourages someone to do something
can be intrinsic or extrinsic
what is a reward ?
something given to someone to recognise their achievments
what should coaches do if you are intrinsically motivated ?
coaches must make sure sessions are enjoyable so performers will keep gaining satisfaction from taking part
what should coaches do if you are extrinsically motivated ?
set goals based on achieving rewards, or performers may lose interest
what is the golden triangle ?
shows the relationship between sport, the media and sponsorship, it represents the money making nature of sport
give an example of the golden triangle
London 2012 Olympic Games -
Over 25 Official partners and supporters worldwide -
free media coverage by 172 countries and online
what is commercialism in sport ?
making profit from sport
what 3 main groups does commercialism in sport concern ?
sport
media
sponsors
how does commercialism in sport benefit sport ?
- Increased revenue helps individual sportspeople and organisations increase participation
why is funding crucial in sport ?
different sports compete against each other for participants and spectators through technology advancing
how does commercialism benefit the media ?
high profile sports stories attract audiences and in turn the media keeps the sport high profile
how do sponsors benefit from commercialism ?
funding is essential for sports growth from sponsors
high profile coverage of the sport ensures a high profile for that companies and its products at sporting events
how is commercialism in sport a negative ?
many football spectators believe commercialism has changed the game for the worst and has ruined traditional community based links between supporters and clubs
what are the types of media ?
Tv
Radio
Newspaper
Press
Films
Internet
Social Media
how is media influence positive for sports ?
inspiring images from the paralympic games
how is media influence negative for sports ?
the media percieves an athlete to have failed in some way
give a list of positive influences of the media
Raise awareness of sport
Promote healthy active lifestyles
Showcase sport’s positive values
Present positive and inspiring role models
Motivate people to take part
Set high standards for performance
Provide examples of skills and tactics
Publicise a variety of sports and activities
Make certain sports more fashionable
Introduce new supporters to sport
Educate spectators through analysis
Celebrate effort and success
Give sport a high status in society
Give people a sense of belonging
Generate revenue and attract investment for sport
Generate revenue for charity
give a list of negative influences of the media
Intrude on performers’ privacy
Undermine people’s confidence and careers
Showcase negative values and behaviour
Undermine officials and their decisions
Dictate event schedules and availability
Alter competition rules and traditions
Edit coverage so it is incomplete or biased
Obstruct spectators and participants
Reduce spectator attendance at live events
Reinforce inequalities by limiting coverage to traditional sports or social groups and under-representing women’s, black and minority ethnic (BME) and disability sport
Incite distrust and prejudice between groups
Discourage activity by encouraging armchair spectators
what is sponsorship ?
the financial support for a sport by an outside body for a mutual benefit to both parties
give an example of sponsorship
schools having sponsored kit
elite teams being paid to wear certain brands
how do individuals do sponsorship ?
displaying a logo, wearing a brand, endorse products, pay training, competition and travel costs
how do teams and clubs use sponsorship ?
wearing kit, displaying banners , having a company name for the team for a stand/court in the ground
how do sports use sponsorship ?
renaming competitions, cups and leagues , brand their development programmes, improve facilities
how do events use sponsorship ?
allowing their logo on sponsors products, providing free products to participants and fund the running of an event
what is the disadvantages of sponsorship in sport ?
Sponsorship can be limited or easily withdrawn – no security.
A performer can become reliant on a particular sponsor, which could then pull out.
Some sponsorship (for example, alcohol) gives a bad image to sport.
Generous sponsorship is only available to the elite few.
Performers, teams and events can be manipulated or exploited to suit the sponsor.
Difficulty of minority sports or those with little media coverage to attract sponsorship.
what is the advantage for sponsorships for the sponsors ?
Raises awareness of their company or brand.
Advertises products and services.
Promotes a positive and healthy image of their company by linking it with a popular activity, even if the product is not particularly healthy.
Improves company’s reputation in the UK because the company is supporting British sport.
Provides rewards or incentives for staff and customers.
Increases sales or revenue through increased media exposure.
Reduces tax through tax relief.
what is the disadvantages for sponsors in sponsorships ?
Uncertain investment – sporting success is not guaranteed.
If the event is disrupted, media exposure and advertising potential are lost.
If the sport or performers cause bad publicity, this reflects badly on the sponsor.
what are the overall negative effects of sponsorships ?
- creates tensions when a sponsor’s image or product appears to undermine the sporting message, e.g promoting fast food companies at sports events are questioned to be appropriate to sponsor as they lead to obesity
what happened at the LA Olmpic games (sponsorships)
first modern olympics to be financed by sponsors and make a profit which became the profit for future games, organisers used some profits to support youth sports and coach developments
how is technology used to enhance performance ?
before, during and after events by coaches, athletes, medics and technicians
how is technology used in health, wellbeing and fitness ?
wearable devices track performers’ cardiovascular rates
hyperbaric oxygen therapy aids recovery after injury
how is technology used in techniques and tactics ?
performance analysis software shows body movements in slow motion
game analysis software tracks team, ball and opposition movements
how is technology used in equipment ?
cambered wheels on wheelchair basketball chairs improve turning
smaller, turbo engines in Formula 1 cars are more fuel efficient
how is technology used in clothing and footwear ?
cricket helmets are lighter, better ventilated and more affordable
track shoes are lighter and have greater grip for cornering
how is technology used in facilities and playing surfaces ?
fourth generation (4G) pitches can be used whatever the weather, all year
artificial snow allows winter sports to take place anywhere in the world
give an example of when an athlete used technology to aid them ?
Jonnie Peacock - 100m paralympics, used a prosthetic running blade leg that transfers the energy created by the runner onto the track
how do officials use technology ?
communicating – microphones to consult with other officials on and off the pitch
decision-making – playback facilities to watch events from different angles
ball tracking – allows for the ball to be minutely tracked to ensure accuracy of decisions in cricket, tennis and football
scoring – laser technology to measure jumps and throws more accurately
time-keeping – shot-clock in basketball to speed up play and keep it exciting
record-keeping – computers to track points and faults for multiple athletes at once
how do spectators use technology ?
camera coverage – remote-controlled and micro-cameras provide more angles, track individual athletes or provide a performer’s viewpoint
statistical information – on individuals, match play and past performances is available on-screen or at the click of a button during play
interactive software – apps offer access to merchandise, information, competitions, games and voting through links on tickets and programmes or via downloads
digital media – means that sports fans can follow a wide range of amateur and professional sports in a huge variety of ways
social media – allows fans to have a personal link with their sporting heroes and share views with others across the world
how is technology in sport used for track athletes when beginning the race ?
In track athletics, if an athlete moves before or within 0.1 seconds of the gun being fired, they have false-started so motion sensors are built into the athletes starting blocks and to the starting gun by a computer
how does technology help with commentary ?
helps commentaters analyse during games, and to review performers tactics
give an example of how technology helps with commentary ?
match of the day uses touch maps to plot the location of touches on the pitch to explain the tactical and positional analysis of players and teams
what is prozone ?
used to analyse most premier league matches
how can technology increase participation ?
wearable technology – encourages participants to log their levels of activity, count the calories they burn and log their personal best times
game-style apps – motivate people by setting challenges and rewarding achievements
social media – enables clubs to promote sessions cheaply, individuals to share their experiences or teams to gather support
give a real life example of how technology improved participation ?
England launched a campaign to increase participation in females , with over 23 million people watching it, a follow-up app enabled participants to download their own photos on to the inspirational poster templates.
what are the advantages of technology in sport for athletes ?
Better performance – marginal gains make the difference
Better medical care results in fewer injuries or faster recovery from injury
feedback from coaches is more focused, objective and helpful
Improved kit is more comfortable, more efficient and safe
Part of a team, not isolated
what are the disadvantages for technology in sport for athletes ?
Invades privacy
Blurs lines between personal and professional time
Availability and cost – makes sport and success exclusive to wealthy people and countries
Tempts athletes and coaches into cheating or unfair practices
Puts the sole focus on winning not athletic endeavours
what is the advantages if technology for officials ?
Supports team approach so there is less pressure on individuals
Information can be shared easily and quickly and stored over time
Decisions and scoring are more reliable and accurate
There is increased confidence and trust in officials
what are the disadvantages of technology for officials ?
Slows the game
Not available at all levels of competition
No longer trust people’s decisions
Undermines respect for officials’ knowledge and expertise
Undermines honesty, integrity and the spirit of fair play
what is the benefits of technology for spectators ?
More engaged in the sport
More informed about rules, players etc
Have a direct link to athletes
what are the disadvantages of technology for spectators ?
Detracts from actual play
Reduces the atmosphere at live events
Reduces interest in grass roots events that aren’t supported by technology
Increases spectator/broadcaster costs
Enables trolls to attack individual athletes
what are the advantages to technology for sport generally ?
Increases participation
Promotes new and alternative opportunities
Supports less-wealthy sports to promote themselves
Leads to more coverage and revenue
Adds glamour
Improves safety
what are the disadvantages to technology for sport generally ?
Detracts from intensity of the game
Reduces emotional wellbeing that comes from escaping digital pressures/routines
Increases costs to sports and participants
Sponsors more interested in technology than sport or athletes
what are the advantages to technology for sport for sponsors ?
Association with well-performing sportsperson or team makes people more likely to want to buy the sponsor’s product
what are the disadvantages to technology for sponsors ?
If a team or individual does not perform well or does something negative such as taking performance-enhancing drugs, then the association with them may make people not want to buy the sponsor’s product
