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topic 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a social group ?

A

a social group is people who interact with each other, share similar characteristics and have a sense of togetherness

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2
Q

name 5 different social groups

A
  • gender
  • age
  • family/peers
  • disability
  • ethnicity/religion
  • role models
  • accessibility
  • media coverage
  • stereotypes
  • education
  • socio-economic factors
  • health and wellbeing
  • somatotypes
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3
Q

how does age affect participation ?

A
  • accessibility, if you’re young you have to get driven to clubs/competitions, family isn’t prepared to do that, don’t have same opportunity. Some ages it’s difficult to find a class so they can’t participate.
  • injury, older peoples health decreases so they’re more prone to injury, so they do not want to do sports
  • negative attitudes, adolescents physically changing affects their ability, leads to low self esteem, confidence
  • leisure time, if you are an adult and working you do not have time to do sports, parents with their children have no time
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4
Q

how does gender affect participation ?

A
  • negative attitudes, e.g a boy joining netball, friends make fun of him leading to low self esteem, embarrassment, no friends of your gender do it
  • sexism, girl playing rugby when stereotyped as more masculine, boys might make fun of the girl, saying girls cannot do sports
  • lack of role models, fewer female sports role models so no encouragement or motivation to want to do it
  • some religions see females doing sport as inappropriate
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5
Q

how does ethnicity and religion affect participation ?

A
  • education, women cannot wear revealing sports clothing and some women cannot exercise in front of men, aren’t educated about female only gyms, do not do anything outside of school
  • stereotyping, people saying they cannot do sport due to religion, so they feel less confident in themselves to do sport
  • lack of role models, fewer role models in sport who are from certain ethnicities, religion so no one to look up to.
  • Inclusiveness, people discriminate, are racist so they do not do sport so they do not get made fun of
  • time, religious people may have less time as they spend lots of time with family, worshipping, praying
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6
Q

how do family/peers affect participation ?

A

family commitments, busy with family so you have no time for sports
- money, if your family cannot afford it you cannot do the sport, miss out on opportunities and family feels bad they cannot pay/provide
- negative attitude, if you grow up in a family that is negative about sports their opinion may rub off onto the child so they also do not want to participate

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7
Q

how does education affect participation ?

A
  • if you are taught benefits of participating makes people want to do it more
  • opportunities, if schools do after school clubs gives children opportunity to practice
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8
Q

how does time and work commitments affect participation ?

A

-long working hours gives people little time to do sports
- if you have children you cannot do sports as you have less time

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9
Q

how does money affect participation ?

A

-if you cannot afford to go or the things you need in support of your sport you miss out on opportunities and aren’t able to participate

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10
Q

how does disability affect participation ?

A

-physical barriers, many sports need to be adapted to enable participation
-access, special equipment is often required
-transport, may be difficult if in wheelchair
-communication, depending on disability, communicating may be hard
-psychological, some people lack confidence
-discrimination, some clubs do not provide for disabled people, think they cannot do it, they feel invalid to do sports
-opportunity, less things available
-awareness, lots of people aren’t aware of some disabled needs
-lack of role models, no one for people to look up to, aspire to be like

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11
Q

how does opportunity and access affect participation ?

A
  • no facilities to carry out the sport so no one is able to train
  • transport, little transport to get to the sports ground
  • no facilities to cater needs for disabilities
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12
Q

how does discrimination affect participation ?

A
  • people have less self esteem, due to racist, negative attitudes of others so they do not want to participate
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13
Q

how does environment and climate affect participation ?

A
  • depending on weather in different countries, sports may be better suited to warmer/colder climates
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14
Q

how does media coverage affect participation ?

A
  • increases popularity and knowledge for different sports
  • promotes healthy lifestyle
  • promotes role models
  • minority sports can be under represented
  • minority groups are under represented
  • promotes people not doing exercise, just sitting and watching sport
  • bad publicity can decrease popularity in some sports
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15
Q

how do role models affect participation ?

A
  • people look up to them and are motivated to do sport
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16
Q

name 3 different strategies to improve participation

A

promotion (actively encouraging or publicising)
provision ( what is provided, supplied and arranged)
access(transport, entry, and opportunities of use)

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17
Q

give an example of how you promote participation ?

A

increase media coverage of women’s sport, ethnic minority sport, and disability sport

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18
Q

give an example of using provision to increase participation

A

more PE in national curriculum for schools

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19
Q

give an example on how access can improve participation ?

A

sports facilities need to be local, available and affordable

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19
Q

how can you improve participation in education ?

A

schools can provide opportunities for practising sports skills to build confidence

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20
Q

how can you improve participation in age ?

A

provide different age group activities/ lessons in clubs

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21
Q

how can you improve participation with role models ?

A

by having more role models from minority groups being advertised

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22
Q

give an example of how social groups create barriers

A

disabled people get stereotyped by others, getting made fun of, making them not want to do it

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23
Q

provide a solution to a given barrier to participation

A

having lots of different clubs that meet peoples specific needs so people feel comfortable to come

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24
Q

how would you advertise and promote a new sport to gain participants ?

A

online

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25
Q

what is health and wellbeing ?

A

health and wellbeing is a combination of complete physical, social and mental well-being - not just merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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26
Q

what is a sedentary lifestyle ?

A

a non- physical lifestyle where you don’t do exercise and do little physical activity. This could lead to poor physical health, so your likely to have illnesses such as heart disease or obesity

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27
Q

what is physical health ?

A

how healthy your body is, how much you exercise and how often you’re ill/injured. being able to complete physical tasks involved in life

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28
Q

what is mental health ?

A

how you are feeling, your emotions, thoughts. not being depressed/generally happy

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29
Q

what is social health ?

A

how often you interact with others, you and people around you

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30
Q

what does physical health involve ?

A
  • exercise
  • reduced illness/ injuries
  • improves your heart
  • easy to complete everyday tasks
  • prevents obesity
  • improves cardiovascular system
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31
Q

what does mental health involve ?

A
  • being mentally stable
  • increased feel good factor
  • reduced stress
  • allows you to control your emotions
  • increases serotonin
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32
Q

what does social health involve ?

A
  • talking/going out with people often
  • meeting human needs- washing, eating
  • individual needs- friendship and support
  • comfortable in social circumstances
  • having tolerance towards other people
  • recognising and managing the effects of actions on others
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33
Q

give 3 examples of positive lifestyle choices

A
  • taking part regularly in physical activity
  • eating a balanced diet
  • getting sufficient sleep
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34
Q

what are the benefits of a positive lifestyle ?

A

things people want to gain :
- generates happiness
- increases life expectancy
- improves relationships +
things it prevents :
- reduces stress/ depression
- prevents long term illnesses
-

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35
Q

give examples of negative lifestyle choices

A
  • not doing enough physical activity
  • being too sedentary
  • smoking
  • abusing alcohol
  • misusing drugs
  • self harming
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36
Q

give effects of a negative lifestyle

A
  • increase stress
  • triggers depression
  • result in obesity
  • leads to coronary heart disease
  • increase likelihood of cancer
  • lead to type 2 diabetes
  • reduces life expectancy
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37
Q

what would a financial participation barrier be ?

A

if you cannot afford the classes, transport, equipment, competition fees

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38
Q

how would access to a facility limit participation ?

A

not being able to get public transport to the area makes it difficult to get there

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39
Q

describe an individual or everyday need of the benefits of joining a sports club

A

improves your social health as you meet new people, feel motivated to go so you’re happier

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40
Q

give 2 negative effects of a sedentary lifestyle

A

if you’re not active you are more likely to suffer from problems such as heart disease or obesity

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41
Q

what is a healthy weight ?

A

energy in = energy out

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42
Q

how many calories do men need daily ?

A

2,500

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43
Q

how many calories to women need daily ?

A

2,000

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44
Q

what affects peoples calories intake ?

A

-age
-gender
-height
-energy expenditure

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45
Q

what is obesity ?

A

when you’ve gained lots of weight, your body fat percentage is 40% or higher

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46
Q

what percentage body fat is classed as obese ?

A

40%

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47
Q

state an effect obesity has on health and fitness

A

can cause cancer and type 2 diabetes

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48
Q

how is obesity caused ?

A

caused by imbalance of too many calories consumed + not enough burned = increase in body weight -

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49
Q

what are the 2 main ways to work out weather someone is obese ?

A
  • body fat percentage
  • body mass index
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50
Q

how do you calculate body mass index ?

A

weight/height squared

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51
Q

give 3 effects of obesity

A
  • reduces speed, so you ill not be selected for the team, so you are not socialising out of school making friends, so you are lonely and sad, which can lead to depression
  • limits flexibility, cannot do simple things you used to be able to do, reduces self esteem, confidence
  • more likely to suffer from heart disease and cancer
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52
Q

give two effects which can lead to obesity

A

-medical reasons- some medical conditions cause you to put on weight- if you keep putting on weight you will become obese
- depression- you don’t feel motivated to do anything leads to a sedentary lifestyle- if you don’t exercise you will not burn enough calories and you’ll put on weight

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53
Q

outline 3 benefits of taking part in physical activity and sport to an individual’s health and wellbeing

A

improves your social health as you are interacting with more people, reduces stress and getting ill/injured. reduces chances of cancer/diabetes

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54
Q

identify 2 consequences of a sedentary life other than obesity

A

lead to poor mental health as you are not getting out as much so cannot socialise with others, affecting social health, which reduces your confidence and can make you depressed. increases chances of other illnesses like cancer and heart disease

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55
Q

what are the 7 food group nutrients ?

A

-carbohydrates
proteins
-fats
-minerals
-vitamins
-water
-fibre

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56
Q

what percentage of your diet should be carbohydrates ?

A

55%-60%

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57
Q

what percentage of your diet should be fats ?

A

25%-30%

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58
Q

what percentage of your diet should be protein ?

A

15%-20%

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59
Q

why do you need water when exercising ?

A
  • you need water for chemical reactions
  • when you sweat to cool your body down
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60
Q

give effects to the body when 2 % of body weight is lost as sweat and you are dehydrated

A

impaired performance

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61
Q

give effects to the body when 4 % of body weight is lost as sweat and you are dehydrated

A

capacity for muscular work declines, fatigue and cramps, increase in heart rate

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62
Q

give effects to the body when 5 % of body weight is lost as sweat and you are dehydrated

A

heat exhaustion, increase in body temperature, decreased reaction time

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63
Q

give effects to the body when 7 % of body weight is lost as sweat and you are dehydrated

A

blood viscosity which slows blood flow, hallucinations

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64
Q

give effects to the body when 10 % of body weight is lost as sweat and you are dehydrated

A

circulatory collapse and heat stroke, irregular heart rate

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65
Q

give effects of dehydration to do with blood flow

A
  • blood viscosity increases reducing flow to muscles, so less 02 for energy
  • reduction in the exchange of waste removal of biproducts transportation of nutrients
  • lower blood pressure, lower cardiac output
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66
Q

give effects of dehydration linked to heart rate

A
  • less 02 supplied means less waste products are removed, slow recovery time
  • increased heart rate resulting in lower cardiac output, heart must work harder to supply working muscles
  • increased heart rate means performance could be slower or not completed for as long
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67
Q

give effects of dehydration linked to temperature/fatigue

A
  • reduced sweating to prevent loss, results in increase of temperature, overheat, becoming feint
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68
Q

give effects of dehydration linked to concentration

A

-muscle fatigue/cramp and headaches
- decreased performance/decreased reaction time, decision making ability

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69
Q

define dehydration

A

dehydration is when you don’t drink enough water, excessive loss of body water interrupting function of the body

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70
Q

give 3 reasons why it is important to have a balanced diet

A
  • so you don’t become overweight/underweight
  • you have enough energy to undergo daily tasks
  • so body gets enough nutrients for growth and hydration
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71
Q

how do carbohydrates (foods like rice, pasta, bread) benefit athletes ?

A

main source of energy, fuel for high intensity of aerobic work, converted into glucose which is pure energy

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72
Q

how does protein (foods like chicken, fish) benefit the athlete ?

A

promotes muscle growth, increases strength, role in repair of tissue/micro tears after sport- reduces risk of injury

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73
Q

how do fats ( foods like butter and oils) benefit the athlete ?

A

help absorbs vitamins, major source of energy, used for low intensity exercise. not used for high intensity exercise as they require 02 to be broken down

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74
Q

how does water benefit the athlete ?

A

transports nutrients, hormones, waster products around the body. regulates body temperature, helps release energy as heat to limit over heating

75
Q

how do vitamins (in things like orange juice) benefit the athlete ?

A

helps keep bones and connective ligaments strong. helps break food down and release energy. helps form haemoglobin which means fast flowing blood. immune system- illness doesn’t happen

76
Q

how do minerals (in foods like vegetables) benefit the athlete ?

A

electrolytes, facilitate nerve impulses and enable effective muscular contractions. Calcium helps for strong bones, efficient nerve and muscle functions. Iron helps for haemoglobin in red blood cells, enhances 02 transportation and develops endurance

77
Q

how does fibre (in wheat) benefit the athlete ?

A

prevents constipation, aids digestion and gets rid of waste product so performer isn’t bloated

78
Q

what effects how much of the food groups we get?

A
  • age difference
  • gender
    -height
    -job
79
Q

why would the amount of food we get be different?

A

different jobs have different energy levels, so a job which is active you are going to need more calories than someone with an office job where exercise is limited

80
Q

give the effects of having too few calories

A
  • not enough energy to perform or train
  • weight loss, which can lead to anorexia
  • muscles will take longer to recover from exercise
  • development of health problems, more colds
  • reduced sporting performance
  • increased tiredness
81
Q

give the effects of having too many calories

A
  • excess weight could cause obesity
  • reduced cardiovascular performance
  • reduced flexibility
  • reduced performance due to excess weight
82
Q

how do fats help a long distance runner ?

A

its a major source of energy used for low intensity exercise. it helps absorb vitamins which helps keep ones and connective tissues strong

83
Q

how do carbohydrates help a basketballer ?

A

main source of energy so helps fuel athlete to do lots of high intensity games so they can play for longer without fatigue

84
Q

how does protein help weight lifters ?

A

lifting heavy weights so protein is important for muscle growth to help them get stronger and reduces risk of injury when training

85
Q

how do vitamins help gymnasts ?

A

help keep gymnasts bones and ligaments strong so on the rings they are able to pull themselves up easier

86
Q

how do minerals help swimmers ?

A

electrolytes in minerals allow effective muscular contractions which makes it easier for the swimmer to repeatedly move their arms and legs, which is good for long distance

87
Q

how does fibre help a dancer ?

A

fibre prevents bloating so dancer is easier to lift in the air, slow releasing energy so performer feels less bloated which make them able to do it

88
Q

how much water should you drink daily ?

A

2 litres

89
Q

how much water should you drink per hour of exercise ?

A

500-750 ml

90
Q

what are micronutrients?

A

water, fibre, vitamins, minerals

91
Q

what are electrolytes ?

A

they facilitate the transmission of nerve impulses

92
Q

where is fat soluble found ?

A

in fatty foods and animal products

93
Q

what is a balanced diet ?

A

eating the right amount of food from different food groups. eating around 55-60% carbohydrates, 25-30% fats, and 15-20% protein

94
Q

describe ectomorphs

A

tall, lean, with little body fat and little muscle

95
Q

describe mesomorphs

A

wedge shape body, muscular, lower body fat

96
Q

describe endomorphs

A

higher body fat

97
Q

give 2 sports and explain why they are suitable for ectomorphs

A
  • runner- they have to use heir height, longer legs to cover more ground so they are faster
  • pole vaulter- tall so they can jump higher over the pole, lighter so easier to get over the top
98
Q

give 2 sports and explain why they are suitable for mesomorphs

A
  • gymnast- they need to be able to hold their own body weight on the rings
  • rugby player (winger) - need to be agile to mover quick to be able to tackle
99
Q

give 2 sports and explain why they are suitable for endomorphs

A

-boxer (heavy weight)- they can give more power to attacks and recover from them easier
- rugby payer (prop) so they can add power to the scrum

100
Q

explain how obesity limits the function of the cardiovascular system and how it affects sports

A

heart and lungs work less efficiently to supply the working muscles with 02, meaning slower movements, this means the performer cannot move around the court as it consumes too much energy and they become out of breath, they tire easily and have more weight to carry- using more energy means they are working at a high intensity but low activity levels. less effective in attack and defence to limited overall movement

101
Q

explain how obesity limits muscular endurance and how it affects sports

A

body is unable to complete tasks without getting fatigued quickly so the athlete is not able to endure doing lots of exercise and completing skills as they get tired easily. In sports like rowing they will not be able to move as quickly as their arms get tired fast so they have low chances of winning

102
Q

explain how obesity decreases flexibility and how this affects sports

A

greatly reduced motion at joints so participant cannot move around as quickly as they are stiffer in skills, and will find it hard to complete movements like the splits. At a competition they will loose marks for their legs not meeting 180 degrees in the splits due to lack of flexibility

103
Q

explain how obesity reduces speed and how this affects sports

A

body cannot move more than walking due to stress on joints and lack of cardiovascular fitness so if they are playing centre in a netball match and need to get to the other side of the court to attack/defend they will struggle so they may not get to where they need to be in time resulting in the ball being lost

104
Q

explain how obesity hinders agility and how this affects sports

A

less control when changing direction at any speed so in basketball whilst dribbling if opponent approaches its more difficult to change direction so ball could get intercepted from them and a goal could be scored from the opposing team

105
Q

describe how obesity affects physical health

A

it would decrease as they aren’t able to display components of fitness which affects their gameplay in matches, they are more prone to illness so do not have as much time to play

106
Q

describe how obesity affects mental health

A

if athlete cannot play they have lower self esteem, leading to depression

107
Q

describe how obesity affects social health

A

they cannot go out as often so its difficult to see friends and family, do not attend sports clubs so do not see teammates

108
Q

name referred to as the skull

A

cranium

109
Q

name the bone at the back of our shoulder

A

scapula

110
Q

name the bone at our chest

A

sternum

111
Q

name the bone that protects our lungs

A

ribs

112
Q

name the bone known as the spine

A

vertebrae

113
Q

name the bones in the arm

A
  • humerus
  • radius
  • ulna
114
Q

name the bone at our hips

A

pelvis

115
Q

name the leg bones

A
  • femur
  • patella
  • tibia
  • fibula
116
Q

name the bone at our ankle

A

talus

117
Q

why do we have bones ?

A
  • blood cell production - bone marrow inside muscles make new blood cells
  • movement - our bones are levers which ae puled by the muscles to cause movement
  • protection- our bones provide protection to our vital organs, eg, ribs protect the lungs
  • support- the skeleton supports the soft tissue of the body as it forms a framework for muscles and ligaments to attach
  • shape- the overall shape of our body is down to our skeleton
118
Q

name bones that are flat

A

ribs, cranium - to protect vital organs

119
Q

name bones that are short

A

tarsals- for finer movements

120
Q

name bones that are long

A

femur- enables gross movements

121
Q

what part of the body are there hinge joints ?

A
  • elbow
  • knee
  • ankle
122
Q

what part of the body are there ball and socket joints ?

A
  • shoulder
  • hip
123
Q

what is flexion ?

A

bending of the limbs at a joint/ reducing the joint angle

124
Q

what joints allow flexion ?

A

elbow, knee, hip, shoulder

125
Q

what is an extension ?

A

straightening of the limbs at a joint/ increasing the joint angle

126
Q

what joints allow extension ?

A

elbow, knee, hip, shoulder

127
Q

what is abduction ?

A

movement away from the midline of the body

128
Q

what joints allow abduction?

A

shoulder

129
Q

what is adduction ?

A

movement towards the midline of the body

130
Q

what joints allow adduction

A

shoulder

131
Q

what is rotation ?

A

a circular motion around a fixed joint

132
Q

what joints allow rotation ?

A

hips, shoulder

133
Q

what is planter flexion ?

A

movement in the foot, in which the foot flexes plants towards the sole

134
Q

which joints allow planter flexion ?

A

ankle

135
Q

what is dorsi flexion ?

A

upwards or backwards flexion of the foot

136
Q

which joints allow dorsi flexion ?

A

ankle

137
Q

whats the difference between carbohydrate for energy and fats ?

A

carbohydrate- high intensity work
fats - low intensity work

138
Q

what is a joint ?

A

where 2 or more bones meet

139
Q

what are synovial joints ?

A

synovial joints allow us the free movement to perform skills and techniques during physical activity

140
Q

In synovial joints, the ends of the bones are covered with cartilage, what is cartilage ?

A

a soft, spongy connective tissue that pads the ends of bones to keep them friction free

141
Q

what is bursae ?

A

fluid sacs which help prevent friction at a joint

142
Q

what does the joint capsule do ?

A

prevents wear and tear on the bones

143
Q

what do ligaments do ?

A

connect bone to bone, stabilising them during movement

144
Q

what do tendons do ?

A

connect muscle to bone

145
Q

what does connective tissue consist of ?

A

ligaments, cartilage, and tendons

146
Q

what are joints held together by ?

A

ligaments , which give them stability

147
Q

what is synovial membrane ?

A

contains synovial fluid, lubricates the joint

148
Q

describe a hinge movement

A

they allow flexion and extension of a joint

149
Q

describe a ball and socket joint

A

allow movement in almost every diretion

150
Q

where are the rotator cuffs ( muscle) ?

A

at the shoulder joint

151
Q

where are the biceps (muscle)

A

front upper arm

152
Q

where are hip flexors (muscle)

A

at your hips

153
Q

where is the tibialis anterior (muscle)

A

near the shin

154
Q

where are the quadriceps (muscle)

A

front upper leg

155
Q

where are the abdominals (muscle)

A

stomach

156
Q

where are the pectorals (muscle)

A

chest

157
Q

where is the deltoid (muscle)

A

shoulder

158
Q

where are the gluteals (muscles)

A

bum

159
Q

where is the gastrocnemius (muscle)

A

back lower leg

160
Q

where are the hamstrings (muscle)

A

back upper leg

161
Q

where are the triceps (muscle)

A

back upper arm

162
Q

where is the latissimus dorsi (muscle)

A

upper back - behind ribs

163
Q

standing on our toes is what type of joint movement at the ankle ?

A

dorsi flexion

164
Q

how is the latissimus dorsi - back behind ribs- used in a sporting action ?

A

adduct and extend the arm at the shoulder

165
Q

how is the deltoid- on shoulder- used in a sporting action ?

A

outward arm action in a jumping jack

166
Q

how are the rotator cuffs- below shoulder- used in a sporting action ?

A

the arm abducts away from body when hitting ball in rounders

167
Q

how are the pectorals- chest- used in a sporting action ?

A

flexion in performing a push up

168
Q

how are biceps- front upper arm- used in a sporting action ?

A

flexion in a press up

169
Q

how are triceps- upper back arm- used in a sporting action ?

A

throwing a javelin

170
Q

how are abdominals- stomach- used in a sporting action ?

A

pulling the body down when hurdling

171
Q

how are hip flexors-hips- used in a sporting action?

A

high knee lift in sprinting

172
Q

how are gluteals-ass-used in a sporting action ?

A

pulling back leg before kicking a ball

173
Q

how are hamstrings- back upper leg- used in a sporting action ?

A

flexing, bending knee before kicking a ball

174
Q

how are quadriceps- front upper leg- used in a sporting action ?

A

extend the leg at knee before kicking a ball

175
Q

how is the gastrocnemius- below back knee- used in a sporting action ?

A

pointing toes

176
Q

how is the tibialis anterior- front below knee- used in a sporting action ?

A

dorsi flexion at ankle, toes upwards when kicking a ball

177
Q

what is skeletal voluntary ?

A

muscles, which are attached to our skeletons and help us to move our body parts

178
Q

define cardiac

A

this type of muscle is only found in the heart

179
Q

what are slow twitch fibres ?

A

endurance movements/ long distance events

180
Q

what is a smooth involuntary muscle ?

A

it is not under our direct control and contracts of its own accord, its situated in the walls of many of our organs

181
Q

what are fast twitch fibres ?

A

produce fast movements/ sprints

182
Q

define agonist

A

contracting muscle- shortens

183
Q

define antagonists

A

relaxing muscle- lenghtens

184
Q

its out with the old and in with the new, goodbye clouds are grey, hello skies are blue… a dip in the pool, a trip to the spa endless days in my shades the whole world according to mwah. Excuse me ?

A

Thank you<3

gcse PE (5 decks)

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