Topic 3 - Voice of the Genome Flashcards
Smooth ER
Similar to rough ER but without the ribosomes. Used for synthesis and to process lipids
Rough ER
A system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space. Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes
Lysosome
Contains digestive enzymes. Used to break down work out components of the cell
Mitochondrion
Double bound membrane. Inner membrane is folded to form cristae and inside that is the matrix. Contains enzymes needed for respiration and is where ATP is produced
Golgi apparatus
Fluid filled flattened sacs. It processes and packages new lipids and proteins. Makes lysosomes.
Nucleus
A large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope which contains nuclear pores.
- contains chromatin (made of protein and DNA)
- the pores allow substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
Centriole
Hollow cylinders containing a ring of microtubules. Help with the separation of chromosomes during cell division.
Ribosome
Small organelle that floats free in the cytoplasm.
- the site where proteins are made
- made of protein and RNA
Mitosis
the process by which a cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells
Asexual reproduction
the production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent or organism
Sexual reproduction
the production of offspring that are genetically different from the parent organism or organisms by the fusing of two gametes
Meiosis
a form of cell division in which the chromosome number of the original cell is halved, leading to the formation of the gametes
Histones
positively charged proteins involved in the coiling of DNA to form dense chromosomes in cell division
Nucleosomes
dense clusters of DNA wound around histones
Karyotype
a way of displaying an image of the chromosomes of a cell to show the pairs of autosomes and sex chromosomes
Cell cycle
a regulated process of three stages (interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis) in which cells divide into two genetically identical daughter cells
Interphase
the period between active cell divisions when cells increase their size and mass, replicate their DNA and carry out normal metabolic activities
Cytokinesis
the final stage of the cell cycle before the cell enters interphase again - division of the cytoplasm at the end of mitosis to form two independent, genetically identical cells
Chromatid
one strand of the replicated chromosome pair that is joined to the other chromatid at the centromere
Prophase
the first stage of active cell division where the chromosomes are coiled up and consist of two daughter chromatids joined by the centromere; the nucleolus breaks down
Metaphase
the second stage of active cell division where a spindle of overlapping protein microtubules forms and the chromatids line up on the equator
Anaphase
the third stage of active cell division where the centromeres split so chromatids become new chromosomes; they are moved to the opposite poles of the cell, centromere first, by contractions of the microtubules of the spindle
Telophase
the fourth stage of active cell division where a nuclear membrane forms around the two sets of chromosomes, the chromosomes unravel and the spindle breaks down
Centromere
the region where a pair of chromatids are joined and which attaches to a single strand of the spindle structure at metaphase
Metaphase plate (equator)
the region of the spindle in the middle of the cell along which the chromatids line up
Clones
genetically identical individuals resulting from asexual reproduction in a single parent
Mitotic index
the ratio between the number of cells in a tissue sample that are in mitosis and the total number of cells in the sample
