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NEUR333 - Neurobilogy 2 > Topic 3: Sex and the Brain > Flashcards

Topic 3: Sex and the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

SRY is a gene on the Y chromosome. What does SRY stand for?

A

Sex-determining region of the Y chromosome

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2
Q

Partial or complete absence of one X chromosome in a female (XO genotype) is called:

a. Klinefelter syndrome
b. X syndrome
c. XO syndrome
d. Turner syndrome

A

d. Turner syndrome

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3
Q

______ are to women as ________ are to men.

a. estrogens; androgens
b. aromatase; testosterone
c. cholesterol; progesterone
d. estradiol; estrogens

A

a. estrogens; androgens

  • Women: high concentration of estrogens
  • Men: high concentration of androgens
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4
Q

TRUE/FALSE: Steroid hormones pass through cell membrane, bind to
cytoplasmic receptors.

A

TRUE: Steroid hormones pass through cell membrane, bind to

cytoplasmic receptors.

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5
Q

In females, ovaries secrete:

a. androgen
b. estradiol (estrogen) and progesterone (progestin)
c. testosterone
d. cholesterol and estradiol

A

b. estradiol (estrogen) and progesterone (progestin)

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6
Q

SRY codes for:

a. testosterone
b. testis-determining factor (TDF)
c. Wolffian duct
d. Mullerian duct

A

b. testis-determining factor (TDF)

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7
Q

Klinefelter syndrome is:

a. Extra X chromosome in a male (XXY genotype)
b. Extra X chromosome in a female (XXX genotype)
c. Partial or complete absence of one X chromosome in a
female (XO genotype)
d. Partial or complete absence of one X chromosome in a
male (YO genotype)

A

a. Extra X chromosome in a male (XXY genotype)

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8
Q

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding LH and FSH?

a. They are gonadotropins
b. In males, LH stimulates testosterone production; FSH aids sperm maturation
c. In females, LH and FSH cause estrogen secretion from the ovaries
d. GnRH from the hypothalamus regulates their secretion from the posterior pituitary

A

d. GnRH from the hypothalamus regulates their secretion from the posterior pituitary

Correction: LH and FSH are released from the anterior pituitary

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9
Q

List the phases of the sexual response cycle

A

Arousal, plateau, orgasm, resolution

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10
Q

Engorgement and erection are primarily controlled by the ___________. Orgasms (muscular contractions and ejaculation) are controlled by activity from the _______.

a. sympathetic division; parasympathetic division
b. somatic nervous system; parasympathetic division
c. sympathetic division; sympathetic division
d. parasympathetic division; sympathetic division

A

d. parasympathetic division; sympathetic division

Neurotransmitters relax smooth muscle in penis and clitoris.
– Acetylcholine, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and nitric oxide (NO)

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11
Q

Which of the following means “Female mates with many males”?

a. Polygyny
b. Polyandry
c. Monogamy
d. Biagamy

A

b. Polyandry

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12
Q

Compared to Montane voles, Prairie voles have:

a. fewer receptors for oxytocin and vasopressin
b. asocial and promiscuous mating behaviours
c. More time spent in a neutral chamber when given the chance
d. more oxytocin (female) and vasopressin (male)

A

d. more oxytocin (female) and vasopressin (male)

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13
Q

During breastfeeding in mothers,

a. oxytocin levels increase
b. oxytocin levels decrease
c. oxytocin levels remain constant
d. oxytocin levels show mixed patterns of decline and increase

A

a. oxytocin levels increase

Oxytocin and vasopressin play roles in human bonding.

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14
Q

List the sexual dimorphisms of the CNS in humans

A

Onuf’s nucleus—motor neuron pool that controls bulbocavernosus (BC)
– Sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN)
– interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH) (4 clusters of neurons, preoptic area) (INAH-3 nucleus twice as large in men as women)

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15
Q

Compare organizational and activational effects of hormones.

A

• Organisational effects of hormones
– Development, anatomy
– Tend to be irreversible

• Activational effects of hormones
– Behaviours
– Tend to be temporary

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16
Q

Which of the following is true regarding α-Fetoprotein in fetal blood?

a. It binds estrogens and protects female foetus from masculinisation
b. It binds androgens and protects male foetus from feminisation
c. It binds estrogens and protects male foetus from feminisation
d. It binds androgens and protects female foetus from masculinisation

A

a. It binds estrogens and protects female foetus from masculinisation

17
Q

Giving a COX inhibitor to a male rat foetus results in:

a. female-like copulatory behavior
b. reduced copulatory behavior
c. feminisation of external genitalia
d. enlarged external genitalia

A

b. Reduced copulatory behavior

18
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia in genetic females results in:

a. male-like copulatory behavior
b. reduced copulatory behavior
c. external genitals that are intermediate between normal clitoris and
penis
d. increased copulatory behavior

A

c. external genitals that are intermediate between normal clitoris and penis

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia in genetic females: abnormally large adrenals overproduce androgens

19
Q

Which enzyme converts testosterone into estradiol?

A

Aromatase

20
Q

In males, how might interaction with offspring alter brain structure?

A
  • Density of dendritic spines (higher)

– Increased vasopressin receptors

21
Q

Which of the following is responsible for an increase in appetite and food intake during early pregnancy?

a. Increased leptin
b. Decreased leptin
c. Leptin resistance in the hypothalamus
d. A change in adipose tissue

A

c. Leptin resistance in the hypothalamus

This is due to hormonal changes. Adipose tissue and leptin increase during pregnancy.

22
Q

Which of the following is NOT true regarding estradiol?

a. It causes some inhibitory cells to produce less GABA
b. In estradiol’s presence, postsynaptic responses to glutamate are larger
c. It has protective effects against seizures by making them more difficult to trigger
d. Estradiol treatment causes an increase in the number of dendritic spines on hippocampal neurons
e. It has a protective effect on neurons that may help combat disease by making them more likely to survive hypoxia, oxidative stress, and neurotoxic substances.
f. It may benefit women with MS

A

c. It has protective effects against seizures by making them more difficult to trigger

23
Q

Which of the following is NOT true regarding lactation?

a. Brain activation is similar in virgin rats injected with cocaine compared to lactating female rates nursing their pups
b. It involves modifying the ventral tegmental area- nucleus accumbens circuit
c. It results in a dramatic increase in the representation of the ventral skin
d. Receptive fields double in size

A

d. Receptive fields double in size

They shrink to half

NEUR333 - Neurobilogy 2 (11 decks)

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