Topic 3 : Sanitation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between cleaning, sanitising and disinfecting?

A

Cleaning: Removes dirt and reduces microbes.
<br></br>
Sanitising : kills most microorganisms (MO)** to a safe level** using chemical / physical means and may not target viruses effectively.

Disinfecting : higher level of killing of MO, including viruses

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2
Q

What is the definition of cleaning?

A

Physical removal of soil and MO in soil, aided by chemical agents.

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of inorganic soil (residues)?

A
  1. Hard water deposits, minerals found in water such as calcium and magnesium
  2. Metallic deposits
  3. Alkaline deposits
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4
Q

What type of cleaning compound is required to remove inorganic soil (hard water deposit / metallic deposit / alkaline deposit)?

A

Acid-type cleaner

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5
Q

What are the 3 different types of organic soil and examples?

A
  1. Food deposits → food residues
  2. Petroleum deposits → from lubricating agents/ lubricating oils / grease (for machinery)
  3. Non-petroleum deposits → animal fats, vegetable oils (lipids), proteins
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6
Q

What kind of cleaning compounds are used to clean non-petroleum deposits (lipids/proteins)?

A

Alkali-type cleaner

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7
Q

Why can’t acid type cleaning compounds be used for hydrolysing protein deposits, instead of alkaline ones?

A

Usage of acid type cleaning compounds means pH will be low, making it nearer to the isoelectric point of the proteins. Proteins will thus coagulate and making it harder to remove the deposits.

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8
Q

What are the 3 steps in removing soil (residues) from a surface, and how to achieve it?

A
  1. Separate soil from surface using physical / chemical means
    <br></br>
  2. Dissolve / disperse soil in cleaning solution → use surfactants to disperse soil as a colloid
    <br></br>
  3. Prevent dispersed soil from reattaching to surface → achieved through rinsing
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9
Q

Types of cleaning compounds

What kinds of applications are strong alkaline cleaners used for?

A

CIP systems, as strong alkaline cleaners are not suited for manual cleaning.

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10
Q

Types of cleaning compounds

What are some examples of weak alkaline cleaners?

A

Na2CO3, Na3PO4

Note : phosphates are sequestrants too → bind to metal ions

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11
Q

Types of cleaning compounds

What kinds of deposits do cleaners with active chlorine get rid of, and what is their mechanism of action?

A

Chlorinated cleaners → carbohydrate / protein deposits
<br></br>
Mechanism of action:
- Reacts with polymers to make them shorter chain / more water soluble
- Helps in peptization (process of turning a precipitate into a colloid by mixing it with an electrolyte)

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12
Q

Types of cleaning compounds

Give examples of highly corrosive acidic cleaning compounds, and state their applications [3].

A

HCl, HF.

<br></br>
Applications:
- removing of minerals and rust (inorganic metals)
- floor maintenance
- brightening of steel surfaces

Note : acidic cleaners react with inorganic metals. Recall : acid + metal → salt + hydrogen

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13
Q

Types of cleaning compounds

Give examples of mildly acidic cleaning compounds, and what are they used for?

A

Mildly acidic cleaning compounds are typically organic acids such as citric acid.

  • They are used for removal of water scales (buildup of dissolved minerals that forms on surfaces that are in contact w water)
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14
Q

Types of cleaning compounds

What are the 3 types of surfactants?

A
  1. Cationic surfactants
  2. Anionic surfactants
  3. Nonionic surfactants
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15
Q

Types of cleaning compounds

Cationic surfactants are usually used as cleaning agents to clean surfaces. True or False?

A

False, cationic surfactants are not typically used as cleaning agents, but rather bactericidal sanitisers

Bactericidial = “bacteria” + “suicide” = kill bacteria

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16
Q

Types of cleaning compounds

What are anionic surfactants used for?

A

Anionic —> attract cations (metal cations)

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17
Q

Types of cleaning compounds

What are non-ionic surfactants used for?

A

Surface cleaning, as non-ionic surfacants have tendency to form foams which is good for cleaning a wide surface area.

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18
Q

Types of cleaning compounds

How do surfactants work?

A
  1. Individual surfactant molecules consist of a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. In water, surfactant molecules self-assemble into micelles, where hydrophobic groups cluster in the centre.
  2. The hydrophobic groups attach themselves to the soil / residues, while hydrophilic head interacts with the surrounding water / detergent.
  3. This reduces surface tension between the soil and the surface, allowing the surfactant to lift and suspend the soil away from the surface.
  4. The soil particles are trapped inside the micelles, preventing them from reattaching to the cleaned surface.

See diagram in notes

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19
Q

Types of cleaning compounds

Surfactants reduce the surface tension of liquids and this improves cleaning efficiency. What does this mean?

A

Surfactants reduce the cohesive forces between liquid molecules (e.g. detergent molecules). This allows the detergent to spread more easily across surfaces, increasing the area of contact between the cleaning solution and the surface, which improves cleaning efficiency.

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20
Q

Auxillary agents

What are auxillary agents in cleaning agents?

A

Auxillary agents are substances that improve the perfomance of a cleaning agent.

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21
Q

Auxillary agents

What is the purpose of chelators / sequestrants? Give some example(s).

A

Sequestrants prevent precipitation between alkaline cleaning agents and minerals from hard water (Ca2+, Mg2+)

  • e.g. : citric acid, phosphonates, EDTA, polyphosphates
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22
Q

Auxillary agents

What are suspending agents and their purpose? Give examples.

A

They are thickeners that prevent dispersed soil from reattaching back to surfaces
- example : hydrocolloids

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23
Q

Auxillary agents

What are scouring agents?

A

Abrasives that help to remove soil (physical)
- abrasive powder, like finely ground minerals like pumice, calcium carbonate (chalk), or quartz, which are added to a cleaning solution to physically scrub and remove stubborn dirt from surfaces by creating a scouring action

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24
Q

Auxillary agents

What is the purpose of corrosion inhibitors and what kind of cleaning agents are they found in? Give examples.

A

Corrosion inhibitors prevent corrosion of surfaces, and can be found in strong or weak acid / alkali cleaners.

  • Example : silicates
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25
Q

Sanitisers

What are the 6 factors that affect the effectivness of sanitisers?

A
  1. Exposure time (longer time = more effective)
  2. Temperature (higher temp = more effective BUT some sanitisers are volatile)
  3. Presence of soil (present = lowered effectiveness as residue/soil can shield microbes)
  4. pH (affects stability of sanitisers ; and microbial reduction dependent on pH)
  5. Microbes present (high microbial load reduce effectiveness)
  6. Presence of biofilms (resuce effectiveness of sanitsers as MOs are more resistant)
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26
Q

Sanitisers

What are the 2 main types of physical sanitation methods?

A
  1. Thermal sanitising
  2. Radiation
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27
Q

Sanitisers

What is used for thermal sanitation?

A

Hot water / steam

28
Q

Sanitisers

What are the disadvantages for thermal sanitation? [2]

A
  1. Dangerous for manual cleaning
  2. Steam quickly loses effectiveness when it becomes cold
29
Q

Sanitisers

Radiation sanitation can be categorised into non-ionising and ionising radiation. What is non-ionising radiation and how does it kill microbes?

A

Radiation that does not break chemical bonds, through the use of UV light.

It kills microbes by :
- causing pyrimidine (cytosine / thymine) to dimerise
- repair of DNA leads to mutation of microbial cell pr cell death

30
Q

Sanitisers

What are some examples of ionising radiation in sanitation?

A

Gamma radiation, X-ray, e-beam (shorter wavelength than UV, higher energy)

31
Q

Sanitisers

What are the 2 mechanism of action that ionising radiation damage microbial cells?

A
  1. Direct damage, by breaking the double stranded helix of DNA and lead to cell death
    2.Indirect damage : breaking of chemical bonds causes formation of radicals / reactive oxygen speicies which damages DNA, or causes lipid / protein oxidation, eventually leading to cell death
32
Q

Sanitisers

What can ionising radiation do to the organoleptic properties of food? What is ionising radiation usually used for?

A

Formation of free radicals in ionising radiation may change the taste of food. It is usually used for sterilising food packaging.

33
Q

Sanitisers

What are the disadvantages of using UV radiation? [4]

A
  1. Hazard to workers
  2. Limited penetration depth, easily blocked by soil
  3. UV lamp may violate glass policy of the plant (no glass in factory)
  4. Radiation may not be effective (endospores resistant to UV an ionising radiation)
34
Q

Sanitisers

What are the 5 main mechanisms in which chlorine based sanitisers kill microbes?

A
  1. Reacting / oxidising nucleic acids (e.g. DNA)
  2. Damage chromosomes
  3. Inhibit oxidative phosphorylation (respiration)
  4. Disrupt protein synthesis
  5. Damage chromosomes
35
Q

Sanitisers

What are iodophors (sanitiser)? Why must they be rinsed off at higher concentrations (i.e. cannot be “no-rinse” at higher conc)

A

Iodophors are complexes of elemental iodine with a non-ionic surfactant
- need to be rinsed off at higher conc bc iodine is brown and can stain surfaces

36
Q

Sanitisers

What are the advantages of iodophors over chlorine based disinfectants? [3]

A
  1. Less irritating to human skin and mucous membrane
  2. Stable at low pH
  3. Less reactive : do not react with other substances, and do not degrade as easily.
37
Q

Sanitisers

What are some disadvantages of iodophors over chlorine based disinfectant? [3]

A
  1. Stronger smell which can contribute to off-flavours
  2. Stain porous materials
  3. Less effective in endospore inactivation.
38
Q

Sanitisers

Quarternary ammonium compounds are what kind of surfactants?

A

Cationic surfactants

39
Q

Sanitisers

What are some characteristics of quarternary ammonium compounds? [2]

A
  • Have surfactant properties, foams easily
    Forms a thin bacteriostatic residual layer on surface
40
Q

Sanitisers

What are some advantages of quarternary ammonium compounds? [5]

A
  1. Low toxicity, non-corrosive, non-irritating
  2. Safe, easily removed from skin with anionic detergent (aka soap)
  3. Colourless, odourless,
  4. Stable against organic compounds
  5. Little loss in effectiveness over time (unike chlorine based sanitisers)
41
Q

Sanitisers

Why shouldn’t you use quartnery ammonium compounds to sanitise fermentation tanks?

A

The residual film could inhibit growth of bacteria, and fermentation requires bacterial growth.

42
Q

Sanitisers

Quartnery ammonium compounds are not compatible with which 2 types of cleaning agents?

A
  1. anionic detergents
  2. phosphate sequestrants
43
Q

Sanitisers

Acid sanitisers are usually available as a mix of which 2 acids?

A

Phosphoric
Carboxylic

44
Q

Validation, monitoring, verification of cleaning

What is validation of the cleaning method? In what 4 ways can validation be carried out?

A

Validation is to prove that the SSOP will be effective in reducing microbial load to a safe level.

<br></br>
Ways to carry out validation:
1. Literature review
2. Field trial (most impt! Irreplaceable!)
3. Regulations
4. Lab tests

45
Q

Validation, monitoring, verification of cleaning

What are some areas the validation process should cover? [4]

note : non-exhaustive

A
  1. Optimum cleaning frequency
  2. SSOP can clean equipment and environment thoroughly, even difficult to reach areas
    3. Establish the achievable level of cleaniliness
  3. Establish frequency of glove change/handwashing/shoe dips
46
Q

Validation, monitoring, verification of cleaning

What does monitoring mean? At what is the frequency is it done?

A

Monitoring : ongoing, real-time observation and recording of activities or parameters to ensure that processes are operating within established limits.

  • tests that are quick and easy to carry out, done on a daily basis
47
Q

Validation, monitoring, verification of cleaning

What is verification? At what frequency is it carried out?

A

Verification is the process of confirming that the monitoring system and SSOP is working effectively.
- carried out on a longer interval basis, once every few months (e.g. audits of cleaning records)

48
Q

Validation, monitoring, verification of cleaning

ATP monitoring can be used to monitor food. How does it work?

A
  • use a swab to collect a sample from a surface
  • insert the swab into a luminometer which measures the amount of ATP present by triggering a chemical reaction that produces light
  • intensity of light is directly proportional to the amount of ATP
49
Q

Validation, monitoring, verification of cleaning

Since ATP is found in microbial cells, ATP monitoring is indicative of microbial contamination. True or False?

A

False. All organic material, including food (with live cells) contain ATP, as it is the universal energy currency of all cells. Thus, ATP monitoring is only indicative of cleaning effectiveness and not microbial contamination. (Also, food usually contains more ATP than microbes)

50
Q

Validation, monitoring, verification of cleaning

How does protein monitoring work?

A

It is based on the principle of BCA (bicinchoninate assay) / Biuret reaction, where Cu2+ is reduced to Cu+ by specific amino acids

51
Q

Validation, monitoring, verification of cleaning

When testing for microorganisms, what are the 2 main groups of microorganisms that can be tested?

A
  1. Indicator organisms (total plate count, Enterobacteriaceae)
  2. Industry specific pathogens
52
Q

What should be tested for microbial levels? [2]

A
  1. Food contact surfaces
  2. CIP rinse water
53
Q

When should samples be collected and tested for microbes? Give the rationale

A
  1. Just after cleaning, before sanitising → to ensure all soil is removed before proceeding to sanitising ;; sanitizers may interfere with ATP / protein / allergen assay
    <br></br>
  2. Samples can be collected after sanitising → gives assurance for the next run ;; so you know the food processed in the next run would be safe.
55
Q

What should the sanitation SOP (standard operating procedure) contain?

A
  1. Cleaning frequency
  2. Safety procedures, PPE required
  3. Lock out / tag out procedures → to ensure equipment is not operating when someone is cleaning it
  4. Chemical safety procedures (SDS, how to mix cleaning chemicals, first aid measures)
  5. Disassembly procedure (machinery)
  6. Cleaning procedure
  7. Monitoring procedure
  8. Verification procedure
56
Q

As a general rule of thumb, how frequent should sanitation occur?

A

At least once every 24h / every change in product type / every change in allergen type

57
Q

What are the general steps for a cleaning procedure?

A

RInse → clean → rinse → sanitise / disinfect → rinse*

*Not all sanitisers need to be rinsied off

58
Q

Special topic : biofilms

What are biofilms?

A

A microbial community characterised by its adhesion to a solid surface and by the production of an extracellular polymeric matrix in which MOs are embedded.

59
Q

Special topic : biofilms

60
Q

Special topic : biofilms

61
Q

Special topic : biofilms

62
Q

Special topic : biofilms

63
Q

Special topic : biofilms

What 2 factors of surfaces can encourage biofilm formation?

A
  1. Rough surfaces (e.g. presence of scratches)
  2. Hydrophobic surfaces
64
Q

Special topic : biofilms

Formation of biofilms involve production of polysaccharides by vacteria. How does the microbe know when to start producing these polysaccharides, mate and disperse?

A

Through quorum sensing, whereby cell to cell communication of bacteria cells allows them to share information about cell density and adjust gene expression accordingly.

65
Q

What is the general mechanism of quorum sensing?

A
  1. Autoinducers (small, diffusible signal molecules) are produced and secreted at a basal level during bacterial growth
  2. Concentration of singal increases as bacteria population increases
  3. Bacteria display different phenotypes depending on population density.

example L acylhomoserine lactone (AHL)
AHL is produced at basal level
*
AHL diffuses and is uptake by bacteria through active transport.
*
Above a certain threshold, AHL binds to transcription factors (R proteins). This complex binds to DNA and causes changes in gene transcription

66
Q

What are some strategies to manage biofilms?

A
  1. Thorough cleaning and sanitation
  2. Surface coatings (hydrophilic) to discourage biofilm formation
  3. Sanitisers that specifically inhibit quorem sensing?
  4. Additives that inhibit quorum sensing?

Point 3 and 4 : ongoing research needed