Topic 3 Motivation Flashcards
What is motivation?
The moving force that energises behaviour.
What are the two components of motivation?
What people want to do (direction of activity) and how much they want to do it (strength of motivation).
Eating and sex are what kind of motives?
Biological.
Relatedness to others and achievement are what kind of motives?
Psychogenic or psychosocial.
What do evolutionary psychologists argue about human motives?
They derive from survival and reproduction tasks.
What is inclusive fitness?
Natural selection favours organisms that support their kin’s survival and reproduction.
What did Freud believe about human motivation?
Humans are motivated by internal tension states (drives) for sex and aggression.
What do contemporary psychodynamic theorists focus on?
Wishes, fears, relatedness, and self-esteem.
What do behavioural theorists refer to as drive?
Motivation activated by a need state (hunger).
What do drive-reduction theories state?
Deprivation of basic needs creates tension leading to action.
What happens if an action happens to reduce tension?
The behaviour is reinforced.
What are primary drives?
Innate drives like hunger, thirst, and sex.
What are secondary drives?
A motive learned through classical conditioning and other learning mechanisms such as modelling; also called acquired drive.
What are goals according to cognitive theorists?
Valued outcomes established through social learning.
What do expectancy–value theories assert?
Motivation is based on the value of an outcome and belief in its attainability.
What does goal-setting theory propose?
Conscious goals regulate much of human action, especially in work.
What does self-determination theory suggest?
Intrinsic motivation develops when learning includes competence, autonomy, and relatedness.
What are the levels in Maslow’s hierarchy?
Physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualisation.
What is homoeostasis?
The body’s tendency to maintain a constant internal state.
What features do homoeostatic systems share?
Set point (optimal bio level), feedback mechanisms (provide info of state of system), and corrective mechanisms (restore system to set point).
What does metabolism refer to?
Processes transforming food into energy.
What are the phases of metabolism?
Absorptive phase and fasting phase.
What happens in the absorptive phase?
The body is absorbing nutrients
What happens in the fasting phase?
The body is converting short- and long-term fuel stores into energy useful for the brain and body. The body converts glucose and fat into energy.
What regulates eating?
Hunger and satiety mechanisms (turn off eating).
What increases hunger?
Glucose and lipid levels fall in bloodstream.
What external cues affect hunger?
Palatability of food, learned meal times, presence of others
What are the main receptors signaling satiety?
Receptors in the intestines
What drives sexual motivation?
Fantasies and hormones
How do hormones control sexual behaviour?
Organizational effects (neural activity) and activational effects (physiology).
What does ‘sex’ refer to?
Biological status at birth, male or female
What does ‘intersex’ mean?
Anatomy that does not fit male or female categories
What does ‘gender’ refer to?
Socially constructed roles and behaviours for men and women
What is gender identity?
A person’s internal sense of their gender
What does sexual identity refer to?
Direction and degree of emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction
What are psychosocial needs?
Personal and interpersonal motives (mastery, achievement, power, self-esteem, affiliation, intimacy).
What are the two major clusters of psychosocial motives?
Agency (self-oriented goals, mastery/power) and relatedness (interpersonal motives for connection).
What does the need for achievement refer to?
Motive to succeed and avoid failure
What influences the motivation to succeed and achieve?
Cultural and economic conditions
What are performance goals?
Motives to achieve at a particular level, usually one that meets a socially defined standard.
What are mastery goals?
Goals to master a skill
What does motivation require?
Cognition (direction of motivation) and emotional energy or arousal (strength of motivation).
What factors influence the strength of motives?
Appropriate stimuli, innate factors (nature), learning, and culture (nurture).
What is emotion?
An evaluative response (pos or neg) including subjective experience, physiological arousal, and behavioural expression.
What does the James–Lange theory propose?
Emotion results from bodily experience induced by stimuli.
Run first. Afraid second.
What does the Cannon–Bard theory propose?
Stimuli elicit both emotional experience and bodily responses simultaneously.
What is emotional expression?
Facial and outward indications of emotion. Body language, tone of voice.
What are different emotions associated with?
Distinct patterns of autonomic nervous system arousal.
What are display rules?
Patterns of emotional expression that are considered acceptable in a given culture.
What are the basic emotions?
Anger, fear, happiness, sadness, disgust.
What is the most fundamental distinction between the basic emotions?
Positive affect and negative affect.
What controls emotions?
Neural pathways in nervous system.
What activates the sympathetic and endocrine responses related to emotion?
The hypothalamus.
What joins the hypothalamus in the emotional circuit?
Limbic system, amygdala.
What does the cortex do regarding emotions?
Assessing events.
What does the behaviourist perspective focus on?
Approach (positive affect) and avoidance (negative affect) systems.
What does the psychodynamic perspective suggest about emotions?
People can be unconscious of emotional reactions.
According to the cognitive perspective, what influences the way people respond emotionally?
The inferences they make about the causes of the emotion and their own bodily sensations.
According to the Schachter–Singer theory, emotion involves what two factors?
Cognitive interpretation of general physiological arousal.
What is mood?
Relatively extended emotional states that, unlike emotions, typically do not disrupt ongoing activities.
What impacts encoding, retrieval, judgement and decision making?
Emotion and mood.
What is the evolutionary perspective on emotion?
Emotions serve an adaptive purpose
What are the two functions of emotion?
Communicative and motivational.
What are activational effects?
The effects of hormones activating brain circuitry to produce psychobiological changes. Eg Breasts.
What is affect?
The pattern of observable behaviours that express an individual’s emotions.
What is agency?
Motives for achievement, mastery, power, autonomy and other self-oriented goals.
What is attachment motivation?
The desire for physical and psychological proximity to an attachment figure.
What is attribution?
The process of making inferences about the causes of one’s own and others’ thoughts, feelings and behaviour.
What are basic emotions?
Feeling states common to the human species from which other feeling states are derived.
What is emotion regulation?
Efforts to control emotional states; also called affect regulation.
What is ERG theory?
A theory of worker motivation distinguishing existence, relatedness and growth needs.
What are implicit motives?
Motives that can be activated and expressed outside of awareness.
What’s an incentive?
An external motivating stimulus (as opposed to an internal need state).
What are instincts?
A relatively fixed pattern of behaviour that animals produce without learning.
What is intrinsic motivation?
The motivation to perform a behaviour for its own sake, rather than for some kind of external (or extrinsic) reward.
What is learning?
Any relatively permanent change in the way an organism responds based on its experience.
What is negative reinforcement?
The process whereby a behaviour is made more likely because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus.
What are organisational effects?
Effects of hormones that influence the structure of the brain. Effects occur prenatally.
What are performance-approach goals?
Goals that centre on approaching or attaining a standard.
What are performance-avoidance goals?
Goals that centre on avoiding failure, particularly publicly observable failure.
What is positive reinforcement?
The process by which a behaviour is made more likely because of the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.
What is punishment?
A conditioning process that decreases the probability that a behaviour will occur.
What is self-actualisation?
In Maslow’s theory, the needs to express oneself, grow and actualise, or attain one’s potential.
What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
Consists of a series of ambiguous pictures about which participants make up a story. Researchers then code the stories for motivational themes.
What psychological disorder involves the inability to recognise ones own feelings?
Alexithymia
What are the benefits of emotional disclosure?
Increase immune system, decreases autonomic reactivity (anxiety), permits a change in cognitive functioning that affects thought and memory of trauma.
What does PERMA stand for?
Pleasure, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning and Accomplishment.
What are the physiological elements of anger?
Elevated heart rate and temperature.
What are the second group of basic emotions?
Surprise, contempt, interest, shame, guilt, joy, trust.
What lobe are approach-orientated feelings processed in?
Left frontal lobe.
What lobe are avoidance-orientated feelings processed in?
Right frontal lobe.
What is the role of the hypothalamus in emotion?
Converts emotional signals to autonomic/endocrine responses. Can produce fight/flight.
What is the role of the amygdala in emotion?
It evaluates the emotional significance of an stimulus. Associates sensory information with feelings and helps detect facial and vocal expressions.
What are the two pathways for processing emotion?
Thalamus to amygdala.
Thalamus to cortex to amygdala.
What is the role of the cortex in emotion?
Right hem processes cues and regulates facial displays.
When can people regulate their emotions?
Before or after they occur. Reframing leads to positive outcomes.
What kind of knowledge is involved with emotion regulation strategies?
Procedural knowledge (conscious but learned implicitly).
What is illusory mental health?
When we delude ourselves about our own abilities and attributes to avoid the unpleasant emotional consequences of seeing ourselves more objectively.
What is the mere exposure effect?
Whereby people become more positive about stimuli the more times they are exposed to them.
