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EXAM PSYCH101 > Topic 3 Motivation > Flashcards

Topic 3 Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

What is motivation?

A

The moving force that energises behaviour.

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2
Q

What are the two components of motivation?

A

What people want to do (direction of activity) and how much they want to do it (strength of motivation).

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3
Q

Eating and sex are what kind of motives?

A

Biological.

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4
Q

Relatedness to others and achievement are what kind of motives?

A

Psychogenic or psychosocial.

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5
Q

What do evolutionary psychologists argue about human motives?

A

They derive from survival and reproduction tasks.

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6
Q

What is inclusive fitness?

A

Natural selection favours organisms that support their kin’s survival and reproduction.

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7
Q

What did Freud believe about human motivation?

A

Humans are motivated by internal tension states (drives) for sex and aggression.

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8
Q

What do contemporary psychodynamic theorists focus on?

A

Wishes, fears, relatedness, and self-esteem.

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9
Q

What do behavioural theorists refer to as drive?

A

Motivation activated by a need state (hunger).

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10
Q

What do drive-reduction theories state?

A

Deprivation of basic needs creates tension leading to action.

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11
Q

What happens if an action happens to reduce tension?

A

The behaviour is reinforced.

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12
Q

What are primary drives?

A

Innate drives like hunger, thirst, and sex.

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13
Q

What are secondary drives?

A

A motive learned through classical conditioning and other learning mechanisms such as modelling; also called acquired drive.

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14
Q

What are goals according to cognitive theorists?

A

Valued outcomes established through social learning.

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15
Q

What do expectancy–value theories assert?

A

Motivation is based on the value of an outcome and belief in its attainability.

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16
Q

What does goal-setting theory propose?

A

Conscious goals regulate much of human action, especially in work.

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17
Q

What does self-determination theory suggest?

A

Intrinsic motivation develops when learning includes competence, autonomy, and relatedness.

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18
Q

What are the levels in Maslow’s hierarchy?

A

Physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualisation.

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19
Q

What is homoeostasis?

A

The body’s tendency to maintain a constant internal state.

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20
Q

What features do homoeostatic systems share?

A

Set point (optimal bio level), feedback mechanisms (provide info of state of system), and corrective mechanisms (restore system to set point).

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21
Q

What does metabolism refer to?

A

Processes transforming food into energy.

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22
Q

What are the phases of metabolism?

A

Absorptive phase and fasting phase.

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23
Q

What happens in the absorptive phase?

A

The body is absorbing nutrients

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24
Q

What happens in the fasting phase?

A

The body is converting short- and long-term fuel stores into energy useful for the brain and body. The body converts glucose and fat into energy.

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25
Q

What regulates eating?

A

Hunger and satiety mechanisms (turn off eating).

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26
Q

What increases hunger?

A

Glucose and lipid levels fall in bloodstream.

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27
Q

What external cues affect hunger?

A

Palatability of food, learned meal times, presence of others

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28
Q

What are the main receptors signaling satiety?

A

Receptors in the intestines

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29
Q

What drives sexual motivation?

A

Fantasies and hormones

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30
Q

How do hormones control sexual behaviour?

A

Organizational effects (neural activity) and activational effects (physiology).

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31
Q

What does ‘sex’ refer to?

A

Biological status at birth, male or female

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32
Q

What does ‘intersex’ mean?

A

Anatomy that does not fit male or female categories

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33
Q

What does ‘gender’ refer to?

A

Socially constructed roles and behaviours for men and women

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34
Q

What is gender identity?

A

A person’s internal sense of their gender

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35
Q

What does sexual identity refer to?

A

Direction and degree of emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction

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36
Q

What are psychosocial needs?

A

Personal and interpersonal motives (mastery, achievement, power, self-esteem, affiliation, intimacy).

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37
Q

What are the two major clusters of psychosocial motives?

A

Agency (self-oriented goals, mastery/power) and relatedness (interpersonal motives for connection).

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38
Q

What does the need for achievement refer to?

A

Motive to succeed and avoid failure

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39
Q

What influences the motivation to succeed and achieve?

A

Cultural and economic conditions

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40
Q

What are performance goals?

A

Motives to achieve at a particular level, usually one that meets a socially defined standard.

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41
Q

What are mastery goals?

A

Goals to master a skill

42
Q

What does motivation require?

A

Cognition (direction of motivation) and emotional energy or arousal (strength of motivation).

43
Q

What factors influence the strength of motives?

A

Appropriate stimuli, innate factors (nature), learning, and culture (nurture).

44
Q

What is emotion?

A

An evaluative response (pos or neg) including subjective experience, physiological arousal, and behavioural expression.

45
Q

What does the James–Lange theory propose?

A

Emotion results from bodily experience induced by stimuli.

Run first. Afraid second.

46
Q

What does the Cannon–Bard theory propose?

A

Stimuli elicit both emotional experience and bodily responses simultaneously.

47
Q

What is emotional expression?

A

Facial and outward indications of emotion. Body language, tone of voice.

48
Q

What are different emotions associated with?

A

Distinct patterns of autonomic nervous system arousal.

49
Q

What are display rules?

A

Patterns of emotional expression that are considered acceptable in a given culture.

50
Q

What are the basic emotions?

A

Anger, fear, happiness, sadness, disgust.

51
Q

What is the most fundamental distinction between the basic emotions?

A

Positive affect and negative affect.

52
Q

What controls emotions?

A

Neural pathways in nervous system.

53
Q

What activates the sympathetic and endocrine responses related to emotion?

A

The hypothalamus.

54
Q

What joins the hypothalamus in the emotional circuit?

A

Limbic system, amygdala.

55
Q

What does the cortex do regarding emotions?

A

Assessing events.

56
Q

What does the behaviourist perspective focus on?

A

Approach (positive affect) and avoidance (negative affect) systems.

57
Q

What does the psychodynamic perspective suggest about emotions?

A

People can be unconscious of emotional reactions.

58
Q

According to the cognitive perspective, what influences the way people respond emotionally?

A

The inferences they make about the causes of the emotion and their own bodily sensations.

59
Q

According to the Schachter–Singer theory, emotion involves what two factors?

A

Cognitive interpretation of general physiological arousal.

60
Q

What is mood?

A

Relatively extended emotional states that, unlike emotions, typically do not disrupt ongoing activities.

61
Q

What impacts encoding, retrieval, judgement and decision making?

A

Emotion and mood.

62
Q

What is the evolutionary perspective on emotion?

A

Emotions serve an adaptive purpose

63
Q

What are the two functions of emotion?

A

Communicative and motivational.

64
Q

What are activational effects?

A

The effects of hormones activating brain circuitry to produce psychobiological changes. Eg Breasts.

65
Q

What is affect?

A

The pattern of observable behaviours that express an individual’s emotions.

66
Q

What is agency?

A

Motives for achievement, mastery, power, autonomy and other self-oriented goals.

67
Q

What is attachment motivation?

A

The desire for physical and psychological proximity to an attachment figure.

68
Q

What is attribution?

A

The process of making inferences about the causes of one’s own and others’ thoughts, feelings and behaviour.

69
Q

What are basic emotions?

A

Feeling states common to the human species from which other feeling states are derived.

70
Q

What is emotion regulation?

A

Efforts to control emotional states; also called affect regulation.

71
Q

What is ERG theory?

A

A theory of worker motivation distinguishing existence, relatedness and growth needs.

72
Q

What are implicit motives?

A

Motives that can be activated and expressed outside of awareness.

73
Q

What’s an incentive?

A

An external motivating stimulus (as opposed to an internal need state).

74
Q

What are instincts?

A

A relatively fixed pattern of behaviour that animals produce without learning.

75
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

The motivation to perform a behaviour for its own sake, rather than for some kind of external (or extrinsic) reward.

76
Q

What is learning?

A

Any relatively permanent change in the way an organism responds based on its experience.

77
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

The process whereby a behaviour is made more likely because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus.

78
Q

What are organisational effects?

A

Effects of hormones that influence the structure of the brain. Effects occur prenatally.

79
Q

What are performance-approach goals?

A

Goals that centre on approaching or attaining a standard.

80
Q

What are performance-avoidance goals?

A

Goals that centre on avoiding failure, particularly publicly observable failure.

81
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

The process by which a behaviour is made more likely because of the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.

82
Q

What is punishment?

A

A conditioning process that decreases the probability that a behaviour will occur.

83
Q

What is self-actualisation?

A

In Maslow’s theory, the needs to express oneself, grow and actualise, or attain one’s potential.

84
Q

What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

A

Consists of a series of ambiguous pictures about which participants make up a story. Researchers then code the stories for motivational themes.

85
Q

What psychological disorder involves the inability to recognise ones own feelings?

A

Alexithymia

86
Q

What are the benefits of emotional disclosure?

A

Increase immune system, decreases autonomic reactivity (anxiety), permits a change in cognitive functioning that affects thought and memory of trauma.

87
Q

What does PERMA stand for?

A

Pleasure, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning and Accomplishment.

88
Q

What are the physiological elements of anger?

A

Elevated heart rate and temperature.

89
Q

What are the second group of basic emotions?

A

Surprise, contempt, interest, shame, guilt, joy, trust.

90
Q

What lobe are approach-orientated feelings processed in?

A

Left frontal lobe.

91
Q

What lobe are avoidance-orientated feelings processed in?

A

Right frontal lobe.

92
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in emotion?

A

Converts emotional signals to autonomic/endocrine responses. Can produce fight/flight.

93
Q

What is the role of the amygdala in emotion?

A

It evaluates the emotional significance of an stimulus. Associates sensory information with feelings and helps detect facial and vocal expressions.

94
Q

What are the two pathways for processing emotion?

A

Thalamus to amygdala.
Thalamus to cortex to amygdala.

95
Q

What is the role of the cortex in emotion?

A

Right hem processes cues and regulates facial displays.

96
Q

When can people regulate their emotions?

A

Before or after they occur. Reframing leads to positive outcomes.

97
Q

What kind of knowledge is involved with emotion regulation strategies?

A

Procedural knowledge (conscious but learned implicitly).

98
Q

What is illusory mental health?

A

When we delude ourselves about our own abilities and attributes to avoid the unpleasant emotional consequences of seeing ourselves more objectively.

99
Q

What is the mere exposure effect?

A

Whereby people become more positive about stimuli the more times they are exposed to them.

100
Q
A

EXAM PSYCH101 (4 decks)

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