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EXAM PSYCH101 > Topic 1 (Psychology: Mental Processes and Behaviour) > Flashcards

Topic 1 (Psychology: Mental Processes and Behaviour) Flashcards

1
Q

Positive Psychology

A

Harnessing positive emotions.
Encouragement to flourish.

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2
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific investigation of mental processes (thinking, remembering, feeling) and behaviour.

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3
Q

At which intersection does psychology lie?

A

Micro-level of biology and macro-level of culture.

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4
Q

Triple-bookkeeping

A

Tracking biological events, psychological experience and cultural/historical context.

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5
Q

What do psychological anthropologists study?

A

Phenomena in other cultures by observing people in their natural settings.

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6
Q

Cross-cultural psychology

A

Examining the patterns of behaviour across different cultures.

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7
Q

Biopsychology

A

Behavioural neuroscience which investigates the physical bases of psychological phenomena.

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8
Q

What do biopsychologists do?

A

Examine behaviour through genetics, neurological and nervous system processes.

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9
Q

Localisation of function

A

The extent to which different brain parts control different aspects of functioning.

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10
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Involves difficulty producing speech

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11
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

It involves difficulty comprehending language.

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12
Q

Sociocultural perspective

A

Social interaction and cultural determinants of behaviour and mental processes.

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13
Q

Cultural psychology

A

Patterns in behaviours and how culture influences them.

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14
Q

Free will

A

People make free choices

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15
Q

Determinism

A

Forces outside our control determine our actions.

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16
Q

Father of psychology.
Found that the basic elements of human consciousness were sensations and feelings.

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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17
Q

Introspection

A

Looking inward and reporting one’s conscious experience.

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18
Q

Who am I? Student of Wundt. Advocated for introspection. Hoped to devise periodic table of human consciousness.

A

Edward Titchener

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19
Q

School of thought influenced by interest in the structure of consciousness.
Only believed in experimentation.

A

Structuralism

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20
Q

Interested in the whole mind and function of psychological processes and holistic research.

A

Functionalism

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21
Q

Behaviour is largely the result of unconscious processes, motivation and early experiences.

A

Psychodynamic

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22
Q

Interpretation of verbal discourse, slips of the tongue, dreams, fantasies, actions and postures; case studies; limited experimentation.

A

Psychodynamic methods

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23
Q

Consciousness is like the tip of an iceberg; the mind is like a battleground for warring factions.

A

Psychodynamic metaphors

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24
Q

Behaviour is learned and selected by its environmental consequences.

A

Behaviourist perspective

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25
Q

Humans and other animals are like machines; the mind is like a black box.

A

Behaviourist metaphor

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26
Q

Experimentation with humans and other animals

A

Behaviourist method

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27
Q

Pioneered American behaviourism.

A

John Watson

28
Q

A broad system of theoretical assumptions that a scientific community uses to make sense of its domain of study.

A

A paradigm

29
Q

What are the main elements of a paradigm?

A

Theoretical model, shared metaphors and set of methods.

30
Q

Behaviour and experience are shaped by the need to self-actualise, to fulfil one’s inner potential.

A

Humanistic perspective

31
Q

Life is like a bottle of milk — the cream always rises to the top. This is an optimistic view of behaviour, emphasising that everyone aims to be the ‘best’ person they can be.

A

Humanistic metaphor

32
Q

Person-centred therapeutic approach that emphasises empathy, acceptance and respect for the individual.

A

Humanistic method

33
Q

Behaviour is the product of information processing: storage, transformation and retrieval of data

A

Cognitive perspective

34
Q

The mind is like a computer; enduring patterns of thought are like software.

A

Cognitive metaphor

35
Q

Experimentation with humans; computer modelling.

A

Cognitive method

36
Q

Psychological processes reflect evolutionary process of natural selection.

A

Evolutionary perspective

37
Q

Life is like a race for survival and reproduction.

A

Evolutionary metaphor

38
Q

Deduction of explanations for traits and behaviours; cross-species and cross-cultural comparisons; limited experimentation

A

Evolutionary method

39
Q

When does Freud believe personality behinds to emerge?

A

Childhood

40
Q

What are the major criticisms of psychodynamic perspective?

A

Reliance on retrospective accounts, the falsifiability criterion and the unconscious can’t be measured.

41
Q

What is involved in learning?

A

Biochemical changes in brain cells and neural circuits.

42
Q

Cartesian dualism?

A

The natures of mind and body are completely different from one another.

43
Q

What perspective uses biofeedback?

A

Behavourism

44
Q

People are motivated to reach their full potential.

A

Self-actualisation

45
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

A
46
Q

Adaptive traits

A

Characteristics that help organisms to adjust and survive in their environment.

47
Q

An early school of thought using introspection to uncover elements of consciousness.

A

Structuralism

48
Q

A field exploring evolutionary and biological bases of human social behavior.

A

Sociobiology

49
Q

What do rationalist philosophers emphasize?

A

The role of reason in creating knowledge.

50
Q

What do psychologists examine?

A

Why people behave as they do, considering underlying thought processes.

51
Q

What is person-centred therapy?

A

Carl Rogers’ therapeutic approach focusing on the individual’s phenomenal world.

52
Q

A theory stating that natural forces select traits that help organisms adapt to their environment.

A

Natural selection

53
Q

The transformation, storage, and retrieval of environmental inputs through thought and memory.

A

Information processing

54
Q

What is inclusive fitness?

A

Natural selection favours organisms that support the survival and reproduction of their kin.

55
Q

What does Gestalt psychology focus on?

A

The active experience of imposing order on details by seeing them as parts of a larger whole.

56
Q

An early school of thought looking for explanations of psychological processes in terms of their function in adaptation.

A

Functionalism

57
Q

What is the falsifiability criterion?

A

The requirement that hypotheses must be framed to allow for them to be proven false.

58
Q

What does ethology study?

A

Animal behaviour from a biological and evolutionary perspective.

59
Q

What is empiricism?

A

The belief that scientific knowledge comes from systematic observation and experimental observation.

60
Q

What is cognition?

A

Thought and memory

61
Q

Who pioneered the behaviourist perspective?

A

John Watson and B. F. Skinner.

62
Q

What does behavioural genetics study?

A

Genetic and environmental bases of psychological differences.

63
Q

Who developed structuralism?

A

Edward Titchener

64
Q

What did structuralism attempt to uncover?

A

The basic elements of consciousness and their combinations.

65
Q

What are the earliest schools of thought in psychology?

A

Structuralism and functionalism

66
Q

What therapy did Carl Rogers develop?

A

Client-centered

67
Q

Who was a founder of functionalism?

A

William James

EXAM PSYCH101 (4 decks)

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