Topic 3 - Inter-Relationships Flashcards
What is a drug ?
A chemical substance that effects the CNS and cause changes in phycological behaviour and physical behaviour and can be addictive
What is tolerance?
Your body gets used to having it and so you need a higher dose to give the same effect
What are the 4 drugs that you need to know?
- Depressants
- Painkillers
- Stimulants
- Hallucinogens
What is a stimulant ?
- E.g. caffiene, nicotine.
- Opposite of depressants
- increase brain activity by increasing amount of neurotranmitter
- incraeses speed of reaction - makes you feel more alert&awake
- Treat depression
What is a depressant?
- E.g. alcohol
- Decreases brain activity
- slows down responses of the nervous system
- slow reactions
- poor judgment of speed & distance
What is a painkiller ?
- Narcotics like morphine
- decreases feeling of pain
- different painkillers work in different ways
What is a hallucinogen ?
- E.g. LSD
- They distort whats seen and heard by altering the pathways nerve impulses normally travel along
What are the effects of smoking tobacco?
- CO in the tobacco mixes with the heamoglobin in RB cells so that they carry less O2
- Carcinogens in tobacco like tar can lead to lung cancer
- Nicotiine in tobacco makes it addicitve & affects the brain
What are the short term effects of alcohol?
- Slows your reactions down because its a depressant
- Blurred vision
- Lower inhibitions so people are more likely to take risks
- Can slow breathing down
What are the long term effects of alcohol?
- poisonous
- can lead to brain damage
- It is addictive
- In the liver alcohol is broken down and cause cirrhosis when the liver can’t function properly
What are the ethical issues surrounding organ transplants?
- There is a shortage of organs
- Some think that people who had the smoking/drinking lifestyle should not be treated
- Others disagree and think everyone should be treated
- Obese people have to lose weight before surgery as there is a higher chance of dying
- Alcoholics who need a new liver would need to stop drinking for 6 months which is hard for them
What is a pathogen?
A microorganism that causes disease. They can be spread in different ways.
What are the 6 ways pathogens spread?
- Air
- Water
- Animal vectors
- Food
- Contact
- Boody fluid
How are pathogens spread through water and what disease do they cause?
- By drinking or bathingin dirty water
- Cholera
- From cholera you have diarrhoea and dehydration
How are pathogens spread through food and what disease is caused by it?
- eating contaminated food
- Salmonella
- food posioning from the salmonella bacteria
How are pathogens spread through air and what disease is caused by it?
- Airbourne pathogens are carried in the air in droplets when you coug or sneeze
- Influenze virus
How are pathogens spread through contact and what disease is caused by it?
- By touching contaminated surfaces including skin
- Athletes foot - a fungus
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How are pathogens spread through body fluids and what disease is caused by it?
- Through body fluids such as blood
- When needles are shared to inject drugs or breast feeding and semen (sex)
- HIV is the virus caused which then causes AIDS
How are pathogens spread by animal vectors and what disease does it cause?
- Vectors are animals that spread disease
- Mosquitos - carries protozoan that causes malaria
- House fly - carries bacterium that causes dysentery
What are the 2 physical barriers that stop pathogens entering the body and how do they do it?
- The respiratory system - (Nasal passage, trachea & lungs) are lined with mucus and cilia which cathces dust and bacteria
- The skin - Undamaged skin is very effective barrier against microorganisms. Blood clots over cuts to keep microorganisms out.
What are the 2 chemical barriers that stop pathogens entering the body and how do they do it?
- The eyes - In tears a chemical called lysozyme kills bacteria on the surface of the eye
- The stomach - HCL acid in the stomach kills pathogens in food
What are antiseptics?
- Chemical substances that kill microorganisms
- Used outside the body
- Clean wounds and surfaces
- prevent rather than treat
What are antibiotics?
- Used to kill or prevent growth of pathogens inside the body
- they do not destroy viruses
- There are two types : antibacterials or antifungals
What are plant antibacterials?
- Plants use chemical substances caused antibacterials e.g. mint, witch hazel, cloves. Plants use these substances to defend agasint pathogens
What are antibacterials?
They kill bacteria
What are antifungals?
They kill fungi
What does antibiotic resistnace mean?
- Repeated use of antibiotics can cause bacteria to become resistant
- In a colony of bacteria some are resistnat are some are not
- The patient takes the antibiotic and some bacteria is killed and the resistant bacteria survives
- The anitbiotic resistant bacteria reproduce
- Now all bacteria is resistant to antibiotics
What are the three key parts to a food chain?
- Prducers (plants)
- Primary consumers (eat the plants)
- Secondary consumers (eat the primary consumers)
What does it mean when living things are interdependent?
Organisms rely on each other for things like food, pollination, shelter etc to survive and reproduce
How is energy transferred in the food chain?
- Energy is stored as food in organisms.
- Energy is released through respiration.
- When an organism is eten the nergy is transferred up the food chain
- Some energy that cannot be passed on can becomes faeces or transferred as heat to the suroundings
What do pyramids of biomass show?
- The amount of biomass at each stage in the food chain
- Biomass is how much the creatures at each level would weigh
- They are always a pyramid shape
What are parasites?
- Feed off a host organism which ends in the host being harmed
How are fleas a parasite?
They benefit by sucking blood of their hosts and can reproduce quickly. Hosts gain nothing other than bites
How are Head Lice parasites?
- Live on human scalps
- Suck blood for food
- Make the host (person) itch
How are Tapeworms parasites?
- They attach to the intestinal wall of their hosts
- they absorb nutrients from the host casuing them to suffer malnutrition
How is mistletoe a parasite?
- A parasitic plant that grows on trees and shrubs
- It aborbs water and nutirents from its host which can reduce the hosts growth
What are mutualists?
They live in a close relationship. Both organisms benefit from this.
How are oxpeckers mutualistic?
- They love on the backs of buffalo
- They eat pests like flies, ticks and maggots of the back of buffalo
- they alert the animal to incoming predators
- Cleaner species
How are Cleaner fish mutualistic?
- Cleaner species
- They eat dead skin and parasites off larer fish
- They get a source of food and avoid being eaten by bigger fish
How are Nitrogen fixing bacetria in legumes mutualistic?
- Leuminous plants carry the bacteria in nodules in their roots
- The bacteria gets a constant supply of sugar from the plnt
- The plant gets essential nitrates from the bacteria
How are chemosynthetic bacteia in deep sea vents mutualistic?
- Inside giant tube worms or in the gills of molluscus in deep sea vents
- The bacteria turns chemicals from the seawater into food for themselves and the host worms
How does the growing population effect the environment?
- More fossil fuels being used for fuel which releases SO2 (acid rain)
- Acid rain destroys forests and makes lakes very acidic.
- Acid rain causes fewer seeds to germinate and plants to grow less well
What is eutrophication?
- Fertilsiers with nitrate and phosphate are added to fields
- Heavy rain washes the fertilliser away into streams & lakes
- Algae grows due to the nitrate & phosphate, this blocks sunlight
- Plants in the water die and stop photosynthesising
- Bacteria break down the dead plants using O2 in respiration
- Due to lack of O2 animals like fish die
- Mega growth - Mega decay - Mega death
If materials aren’t recycled what happens?
- Build up of waste, so more land is taken up for landfill sites
- waste can be toxic and pollutes land
- Materials have to be manufactured to replace old products using up more of the Earths resources
How can metal be recycled?
- Uses less of our limited resources of fossil fuels
- Less CO2 is released
How can paper be recyced?
- Uses 28%-70% less energy
- Prevents deforestation
How can plastics be recycled?
- Helps conserve oil resources
- Doesn’t take up as much room in landfill sites
What is the carbon cycle?
- CO2 is only removed by photosynthesis
- Carbon compounds in animals are passed along the food chain
- Plants and Animals respire CO2 out
- When plants and animals decay bacteria and fungi break them down which release CO2
- Fossil fuels are burned (combustion) which release CO2
What is the nitrogen cycle?
- Lightning can cuase nitrogen in the air to be turned into useful nitrates
- Nitrogen fixing bacteria found in the roots of some plants turns nitrogen in to nitrates which is then absorbed by the plant
- Decomposing bacteria break down dead animals and plants and turn nitrates into ammonia
- Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia back to nitrates
- Dentrifying bacteria can convert nitrates back into nitrogen gas
- Animals eat plants and get nitrates from the plants
What are the two indicator species for water pollution?
- Stonefly larve & freshwater shrimps - They need alot of O2 so indicate water is clean and high in O2
- Bloodworms & Sludgeworms - Can tolerate low O2 levels so indicate water is low in O2 and polluted.
What are the two indicator species for air pollution ?
- Blackspot Fungus - grows on roses and its presence shows clean air. It is killed by high amounts of sulphur dioxide so only grows if sulphur dioxide levels are low
- Lichen (mutualistic relationship betwen fungi and algae) can tolerate different levels of sulphur dioxide / nitrogen oxide
