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Biology B1 Higher > Topic 1 - Variation > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Variation Flashcards

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1
Q

How are living organisms are classified? (King, Prawn, Curry, Over, Fried, Green, Sausage)

A

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

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2
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A

Animalia Plantae Fungi Proctoctista Prokaryotae

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3
Q

Which of the five kingdoms multicellular?

A

Animalia Plantae Fungi

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4
Q

Which of the five kingdoms are unicellular and what does it mean?

A

Protoctista Prokaryotes *Unicellular means single celled

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5
Q

Do Protoctists have a nucleus and give an example?

A

Yes they have a nucleus.

An example of a Proctoctista is algae.

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6
Q

Do Prokaryotes have a nucleus and give an example?

A

No they Don’t have a nucleus.

An example is bacteria.

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7
Q

How does the Animalia kingdom get its food?

A

They are heterotrophs.

  • Eat other organisms e.g. plants
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8
Q

How does the Plantae kingdom get its food?

A

Plants are Autotrophic.

  • They make their own food by phototsynthesis
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9
Q

How does the Fungi kingdom get its food?

A

They are Saprotrophic.

  • They feed off dead organisms and decaying material
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10
Q

Which of the five kingdoms have cell walls?

A
  1. Plantae (rigid cell wall)
  2. Fungi

The others don’t have cell walls.

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11
Q

How are Animals divided?

A

Into Vertebrates and Invertebrates.

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12
Q

What is a Vertbrate?

A
  • Have a Back Bone
  • Have a Internal Skelelton
  • Divided again into 5 groups
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13
Q

What is an invertebrate?

A
  • Don’t have a back bone
  • Some have an external Skeleton
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14
Q

What are the 5 groups Vertberates are classified into on their characteristics?

A
  1. Fish
  2. Amphibians
  3. Mammals
  4. Reptiles
  5. Birds
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15
Q

Scientists divide vertebrates into five classes based on 3 main things. What are they?

A
  1. How they absorb Oxygen - Through lungs / gills / or skin.
  2. How they Reproduce - Internal or External fertilisation and Oviparous or Viviparous.
  3. How they Regulate their Internal Body Temp - Homeotherms or Poikilotherms
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16
Q

What does Oviparous mean ?

A

Animals which reproduce by laying eggs

For example Reptiles

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17
Q

What does Viviparous mean ?

A

Animals reproducing by giving birth to live young which are fed by milk from their mother.

For example Mammals.

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18
Q

If an animal is a Homeotherm what does that mean?

A

They are a warm blooded animal as their body temp is kept constant by homeostasis.

For example Mammals

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19
Q

If an animal is a Poikilotherm what does that mean?

A

This means they are cold blooded as they’re body temperature changes with the external temp.

For example reptiles.

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20
Q

What is the Bionomial System?

A

Where each specie is given a two part name. The first part refers to the Genus and the second part refers to the species.

For example: Homosapiens = Humans

‘homo’ is the genus and ‘sapiens’ is the species.

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21
Q

How has the binomial system helped scientists?

A
  • By identifying species without confusion
  • Studying species and sharing information on them
  • Being able to conserve species (endangered species)
  • Improve conservation effeorts in areas with a veriety of species e.g. Rainforests
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22
Q

How is a Key used to identify creatures?

A
  • It is a series of questions
  • It narrows your choice of what species your otganisms could be.
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23
Q

What is the importance of classification to scientists?

A

It allows scientists to easily identify differences between existing and new species, see how organisms are related and identify areas of high biodiversity.

24
Q

What is the defintion of Species?

A

A species is a group or organisms that can interbreed to prduce fertile offspring.

25
Q

What is the 4 part to publishing evidence and research into the scientific community?

A
  1. Needs to be published in a scientific journal
  2. Needs to be peer reviewed
  3. If needed from the peer review to be improved the published again
  4. Discuss at scientific conferences before it can be accepted and punlished as a piece of research.
26
Q

What are the two types of variation that causes organisms of the same species to have differences?

A
  1. Genetic
  2. Environmental
27
Q

What is Genetic variation?

A
  • Organisms charcteristics are determined by genes inherited from parents.
  • Occurs also due to mutations in the organisms genes
  • Eye Colour, Blood Group and Inherited Disorders
28
Q

What is Environmental Variation?

A
  • The environment organisms live and grow in also causes differences between species
  • Factors that cayse avriation from the environemnt onclude: Diet, excercise, temperature, light level, amount of water etc.
  • Characteristics caused by the environemnt are called ‘aquired characteristics’.
29
Q

What is continous variation?

A
  • Variation in things that can have a value anywhere in a certain range.
  • For example Height, weiht and shoe size
  • Normally determined by genetic and environemnetal factors and give a normal distribution curve
30
Q

What is Discontinous variation?

A
  • The characteristics has a set value.
  • For example: Eye colour, hair colour, blood group
31
Q

How are polar bears adapted to polar environments?

A
  1. Thick layer of blubber for insulation
  2. White fur coat for camoflage
  3. Large feet help spread weight on the ice/snow
  4. Thick coats to trap a layer of warm air
  5. Compact round shape which gives them a small surface area to reduce heat loss
32
Q

How are pompeii worms adapted to living in hydrothermal vents?

A
  • Thick layer of bactieria to protect from the heat
  • no eyes but very sensitive tentacles
  • Withstan dpressure
  • Stay inside a papery tube to protect against predators
33
Q

How have organisms adapted to living in the deep sea?

A
  • Huge eyes
  • Long feelers
  • Huge mouths
  • Emit light
34
Q

What is evolution?

A
  • Isd the gradual chnage of organisms over time.
  • Happens through natural selection
35
Q

What is natural selection (VOSSIG) ?

A
  • Survival of the fittest
  1. V variation due to gene variation
  2. O overproduction of young
  3. S struggle for supplies e.g. water food
  4. S survival of the best adapted individual that has the advantageous gene
  5. I inheritance, individuals inherit advantageous gene
  6. G gradual chnage in the features over time
36
Q

What evidence is there to support evolution?

A
  1. DNA research: Evolution is caused by gradual changes in DNA. Scientists found that organisms that diverged away from each other more recently have similar DNA
  2. Resistant organisms: Poison warfarin was used to kill rats. A certain gene gives rats resistance to warfarin - these rats are more likely to survive and breed. There are rat populations that are warfarin resistant
37
Q

How does the scientific community validate evidence?

A
  1. Publish their work in scientific journals
  2. Peer review
  3. Scientific conferences
  4. Published work
38
Q

What is specification?

A

Is the development of new species

39
Q

How does specification result in new species ?

A
  1. Two populations of the same species get seperated by a physical barrier (mountain range)
  2. Populations adapt to new environments
  3. Development of new species
  • These new species can’t interbreed anymore
40
Q

Where is the genetic material contained in your cells?

A

In the nucleus

41
Q

How many chromosones does the human cell nucleus contain?

A

23 pairs of chromosones

42
Q

What is a chromosone?

A
  • Carry genes
  • Long lengths of DNA coiled up
43
Q

What do genes control?

A

Control the development of different characteristics e.g. hair colour

44
Q

What is the definiton of Alleles?

A

Different versions of same gene

45
Q

What do genetic diagrams show?

A

The possible genes of offspring

46
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

2 alleles for a particular gene the same ( FF or ff)

47
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

2 alleles for a particular gene that are different (Ff)

48
Q

What does Genotype mean?

A

The genes an individual has e.g. FF

49
Q

What does phenotype mean?

A

The appearance of an individual e.g. blue eyes, red flowers etc

50
Q

What does the dominant allele mean?

A

Expressed in the phenotype

Represented by a captial letter (F always gives red flowers even in a Ff genotype)

51
Q

What does the recessive allele mean?

A

Represented by a lower case letter (e.g. ff only gives white flowers if both alleles are f)

52
Q

What are the two ways to work out which possible genes children can inherit?

A
  1. Punnett squares
  2. Genetic cross diagrams
53
Q

What are two genetic disorders?

A
  1. Cystic fibrosis
  2. Sickle cell anaemia
54
Q

What is cystic firbrosis?

A
  • Caused by a recessive allele
  • Causes lungs to become bloacked by thick mucus
  • Mucus blocks tubes leading to the small intestine making it hard to digest food
  • weight loss
55
Q

What is Sickle cell anaemia?

A
  • Caused by a recessive allele
  • Become tierd and out of breath easily
  • Painful joints

Biology B1 Higher (3 decks)

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