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IMIN 200 > Topic 3: Innate Immunity II > Flashcards

Topic 3: Innate Immunity II Flashcards

1
Q

What is PRR

A

pattern recognition receptors (host)

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2
Q

What is PAMP

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns (microbe)

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3
Q

What happens when PAMP and PRR are combined?

A

causes activation of immune responses which can be through stimulation of phagocytosis and release of cytokines

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4
Q

What are some examples of PAMPS

A
  • bacterial lipopolysaccharide - present on many bacteria
  • glycoproteins - bacterial glycoproteins have terminal mannose residues (our cells can respond to mannose), mammalian ones have terminal sialic acid or N-acetylgalactosamine
  • double-stranded RNA - common to many viruses
  • unmethylated CpG DNA - common to bacteria, while humans have methylated C+G
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5
Q

What are PRR characteristics?

A
  • detect non-self structures
  • ubiquitous, either as a circulating molecule or through expression on innate immune cells
  • rapidly triggers potent antimicrobial responses
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6
Q

What are toll-like receptors?

A
  • are PRRs for PAMPs
  • have leucine rich repeats on the exterior domain which is connected to a TIR domain which can lead to phagocytosis
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7
Q

Where are TLRs located?

A
  • some are anchored in the cell membrane while others are within endosomes
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8
Q

What are TLR 1 and 2

A
  • located in the cell membrane and respond for bacterial parasites
  • heterodiamers
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9
Q

What are TLR 2 and 6

A
  • located in the cell membrane and respond to gram positive bacteria and fungi
    -heterodiamers
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10
Q

What are TLR 4

A
  • located in the cell membrane and respond to gram-negative bacteria
  • homodiamers
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11
Q

What are TLR 5?

A
  • located in the cell membrane and respond to flagellated bacteria
  • mono/homodiamers
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12
Q

What is TLR 3?

A
  • located in the endosome and respond to viral dsRNA
  • monomers
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13
Q

What is TLR 7?

A
  • located in the endosome and respond to ssRNA
  • monomers
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14
Q

What is TLR8?

A
  • located in the endosome and respond to viral ssRNA
  • monomers
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15
Q

What is TLR9?

A
  • located in the endosome and respond to bacterial DNA elements
  • monomers
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16
Q

How can PRRs differ in structure and function

A
  • some PRRs are phagocytic receptors while others are not but can stimulate the activation of immune cells
17
Q

What are advantages of having pattern recognition receptors?

A
  • pathogens can change rapidly, since there are so many pathogens you want multiple PRRs to recognize them
  • patterns are disadvantages by having small genomes and at least some conserved (low variation) components: these are targets of PRRs
  • they surveil for intact PAMPs, degraded PAMPs and PAMPs that are never outside of the cell
18
Q

What are the three molecules that enter the nucleus and bind to DNA

A
  • Nf-kB
  • AP-1
  • IRF3
19
Q

What is the goal of Nf-kB in the nucleus

A

goal is to express new types of gene expressions through Nf-kB

20
Q

What are the functions of RIG-like receptors?

A
  • have signalling pathways similar to TLRs
  • can amplify TLR signalling
  • Phosphorylates IkB and IRF-3 so that Nf-kB and IRF-3 can enter the nucleus
21
Q

What are the results of PRR signalling?

A
  • production of type I interferon (IFN-I). IFN-I augments innate and adaptive immunity
  • production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines
  • induces many other immune response genes
22
Q

What is the importance of PRR Innate Immune Signalling

A
  • Speed: TLR signalling is on within minutes of detecting microbial PAMP. Initial activation of adaptive immune responses requires days
  • Economy: a small number of TLR can detect large numbers of different pathogens
  • Amplification: localized detection of microbes can result in activation of large, systemic responses
23
Q

Why are there so many types of redundancy in pattern recongition?

A
  • overcome attempts by microbes to evade PRRs
  • having multiple PRRs that can detect common features of the same microbe enhances chance of microbe getting detected
  • cross-talk in signalling pathways induced by different PRRs allows for better control over the type of response

IMIN 200 (8 decks)

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