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Biology > Topic 3-Infection And Response > Flashcards

Topic 3-Infection And Response Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 types of pathogens.

A

Bacteria
Virus
Protists
Fungi

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2
Q

What are bacteria pathogens?

A

Very small cells which can reproduce rapidly in the body.

They can make you feel ill by producing toxins that damage cells and tissues.

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3
Q

What are virus pathogens?

A

Viruses aren’t cells.
Tiny
Live inside other cells and can replicate themselves using the cells’ machinations to produce many copies of themselves.
Cell will usually burst releasing viruses.
Cell damage can make you feel ill

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4
Q

What are protist pathogens?

A

They’re all eukaryotes.
They’re single celled.
Some are parasites.
Parasites live on or inside of the organisms and can cause them damage they are often transferred to the organism by a vector which doesn’t get the disease itself.

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5
Q

What are fungi pathogens?

A

Some are single celled.
Some have a body which is made up of hyphae.
They hyphae can grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants, cause disease.

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6
Q

Name 3 ways how pathogens can be passed around.

A

Water- spread by drinking or bathing in dirty water.
Air- carried in the air and breathed in, can be carried in droplets by coughs and sneezes.
Direct contact- touching contaminated areas and people

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7
Q

What is measles and how is it spread?

A

Measles is a viral disease.

Spread by droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough.

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

Red skin rash
High temp.
Fever

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9
Q

Can measles be fatal?

A

Yeah if there’s complications.

E.g. it can lead to pneumonia (lung infection) or a brain infection called encephalitis.

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10
Q

Are people vaccinated against measles?

A

Most people are vaccinated against measles at a young age.

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11
Q

What is HIV and how is it spread?

A

HIV is a virus spread by sexual contact, or the exchange of bodily fluids such as blood. This can happen when people share needles.

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV?

A

Flu-like symptoms for first few weeks

Then no symptoms for a few years.

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13
Q

How can HIV be controlled?

A

By taking antiretroviral drugs, these stop the virus replicating.

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14
Q

What cells does HIV attack?

A

Immune cells

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15
Q

What happens if a person’s immune system is badly damaged and they have HIV?

A

It can’t cope with other infections or cancers. At this stage the virus is known as late stage HIV infection or AIDS.

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16
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus?

A

It’s a virus that affects many species of plants.

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17
Q

What does tobacco mosaic virus cause?

A

Causes a mosaic pattern on the leaves of the plants.

Parts of the leaves become discoloured.

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18
Q

What does the discolouration of the plant caused by tobacco mosaic virus lead to?

A

Affected growth as photosynthesis in the plant can’t occur.

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19
Q

What is rose black spot?

A

A fungus that causes purple/black spots to develop on the leaves of rose plants.
The leaves can turn yellow and drop off.

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20
Q

What rose black spot cause?

A

Affected growth as photosynthesis can’t happen as much.

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21
Q

How to rose black spot spread?

A

Water

Wind.

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22
Q

How can rose black spot be treated?

A

Using fungicides
Stripping the plant of it’s affected leaves.
These affected leaves need to be destroyed so that the fungus can’t spread to other rose plants.

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23
Q

What is malaria caused by?

A

A protist.

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24
Q

What is the vector in malaria?

A

The mosquito

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25
Q

How do mosquitoes spread malaria?

A

They feed on infected animals.

It infects another person or animal by inserting the protist into the blood vessel of the person or animal.

26
Q

What does malaria cause?

A

Repeating episodes of fever.

It can be fatal

27
Q

How can the spread of malaria be reduced?

A

By stopping the mosquitoes from breeding.

28
Q

How can people be protected from mosquitoes?

A

Insecticides

Mosquito nets

29
Q

What is salmonella?

A

Type of bacteria that causes food poisoning.

30
Q

What can people infected by salmonella suffer from?

A

Fever
Stomach cramps
Vomiting
Diarrhoea

31
Q

How can you get salmonella?

A

By eating food that’s contaminated by salmonella bacteria.

32
Q

What can control the spread of salmonella?

A

Poultry can be vaccinated against salmonella.

33
Q

What is gonorrhoea?

A

Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD).

It’s caused by bacteria.

34
Q

How is gonorrhoea spread?

A

By sexual contact.

35
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

Pain when urinating.

Yellow/green discharge from the vagina or penis

36
Q

How can gonorrhoea be treated?

A

Antibiotics (penicillin)

37
Q

How do you prevent the spread of gonorrhoea?

A

Antibiotics

Use condoms during sex

38
Q

Name 4 ways that disease can be prevented or reduced

A

Being hygienic- using simple hygiene measures.
Destroying vectors- by getting rid of organisms that spread disease.
Isolating infected individuals- isolate people with communicable diseases.
Vaccination- means communicable diseases can’t develop the infection and pass it on.

39
Q

Name 5 ways that the body can act as a defence system against disease.

A
  1. Skin- secretes antibacterial substances which kill pathogens.
  2. Hairs and mucus- trap particles that could contain pathogens.
  3. Trachea and bronchi- secretes mucus that trap pathogens.
  4. Trachea and bronchi are lined with cilia- waft the mucus up the back of the throat where it can be swallowed.
  5. Stomach produces hydrochloric acid- kills pathogens that got past the mouth.
40
Q

Name 3 ways that white blood cells can fight the body against disease

A

Consuming them- engulf foreign pathogens and digest them (phagocytosis)
Producing antibodies- b lymphocytes
Producing antitoxins- counteract toxins produced by invading bacteria

41
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A

Vaccinations involve injecting small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens. These carry antigens so your body can produce antibodies to attack them.
So that if live pathogens with the same antigens the white blood cells can rapidly reproduce and produce antibodies to kill the pathogen.

42
Q

What are the pros of vaccinations?

A
  1. Help control lots of communicable disease.

2. Epidemics of diseases can be prevented if a large % of the pop. is vaccinated.

43
Q

What are the cons of a vaccination?

A
  1. They don’t always work
  2. Sometimes they don’t give you immunity.
  3. Can have a bad reaction to a vaccine.
44
Q

How do painkillers work?

A

Mask the pain but don’t tackle the cause of the disease or kill the pathogens. Help reduce the symptoms.

45
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

They kill or prevent the growth of the bacteria causing the problem without killing your own body cells.

46
Q

Why can’t antibiotics don’t destroy viruses?

A

Viruses reproduce using your body cells which makes it difficult to develop the drugs that destroy just the virus without killing the body’s cells.

47
Q

How can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

A

Bacteria can mutate.
Bacteria might be resistant to antibiotics.
Only non-resistant strains of bacteria will be killed.
The resistant bacteria strain will reproduce.
This resistant could then cause a serious infection and can’t be treated by antibiotics.

48
Q

How plants help treat disease?

A

Produce chemicals to defend themselves from disease and pathogens.
Some of these chemicals are used to treat human diseases or relieve symptoms.
Aspirin- used as a painkiller
Digitalis- used to treat heart conditions.

49
Q

Who is Alexander Fleming?

A

He was clearing out Petri dishes containing bacteria.
Noticed one of the bacteria has mould on it and the area around the mould was free of bacteria.
Noticed that a substance was killing bacteria. The substance is called penicillin.

50
Q

What is the 3 main stages of drug testing?

A
  1. Tested on human cells and tissues, can’t use cells that will affect a system that or the full body.
  2. Try on live animals. Must be tested on 2 mammals (UK law).
  3. If it passes on animals, it’s tested on human volunteers. Tried on healthy people to begin with, then on people who are suffering from the illness. Patients are randomly put in 2 groups, one given the placebo and one given the new drug to see the effectiveness of the drug. The patient doesn’t know whether they’re getting the new drug or placebo so doctors aren’t influenced. Before the results are published they go through peer review.
51
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A
  1. Mouse injected with chosen antigen.
  2. Fast dividing tumour cells from the lab are put in Petri dish.
  3. B lymphocytes are taken from mouse.
  4. B lymphocytes fused with tumour cell.
  5. This makes a hybridoma.
  6. It divides quickly to produce lots of clones that produce the monoclonal antibodies.
52
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests?

A

A hormone called HCG is found in the urine of a pregnant woman, pregnancy sticks detect this hormone.
1. The bit of the stick you wee on has some antibodies to the hormone, with blue beads attached.
2. The test strip has some more antibodies for the hormone to stick on to.
3. If you’re pregnant and you wee on the stick:
The hormone binds to the antibodies on the blue beads.
The urine moves up the stick, carrying the hormone and the beads.
The beads and hormones bind to the antibodies on the strip.
So the blue beads get stuck onto the strip, turning it blue.
4. If you’re not pregnant the urine and beads still love up the stick but don’t stick to anything as there’s no hormone.

53
Q

How does monoclonal antibodies treat disease?

A
  1. Monoclonal antibodies can be made that will bind to tumour markers (antigens on cancer cells).
  2. An anti cancer drug can be attached to these monoclonal antibodies (toxic drug, radioactive substance or a chemical that stops cells growing or dividing).
  3. These antibodies are given to the patient via a drip.
  4. The antibodies target specific cells as they only bind to tumour markers.
  5. The drug kills cancer cells but doesn’t any normal body cells near the tumour.
54
Q

What else can monoclonal antibodies used for?

A
  1. Bind to hormones and other chemicals in the blood to measure their levels.
  2. Test blood samples in labs for certain pathogens.
  3. Locate specific molecules in a cell or tissue.
55
Q

What are the disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Cause fever, vomiting and low blood pressure.
Create side effects
Not as widely used as treatments as scientists originally thought.

56
Q

Why are nitrates needed in plants?

A

To make proteins and cause growth.

A lack of nitrates=stunted growth.

57
Q

Why are magnesium ions needed in plants?

A

Needed for making chlorophyll, needed for photosynthesis.

Plants that don’t have enough suffer from chlorosis and have yellow leaves.

58
Q

What can plants be infected by?

A

Viral pathogens
Bacterial pathogens
Fungal pathogens
Infested/damaged by insects

59
Q

Name 6 signs of plant disease.

A 
Stunted growth 
Spots on leaves 
Patches of decay 
Abnormal growths 
Malformed stems or leaves 
Discolouration
60
Q

Name 3 physical plant defences

A
  1. Stems have waxy cuticles, stops pathogens entering.
  2. Surrounded by cellulose cell walls, defence against pathogens that pass through the waxy cuticle.
  3. Layers of dead cells around their stems, stop pathogens entering.
61
Q

Name 2 chemical plant defences.

A
  1. Produce antibacterial chemicals which kill bacteria.

2. Produce poisons which can deter herbivores.

62
Q

Name 3 mechanical plant defences.

A
  1. Thorns and hairs, stop animals touching and eating them.
  2. Leaves droop or curl when something touches- knocks insects off and prevents them being eaten.
  3. Mimic other organisms- e.g. sunflowers have yellow spots that look like butterfly eggs therefore stops butterflies laying eggs.

Biology (5 decks)

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