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Biology > Topic 2-Organisation > Flashcards

Topic 2-Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cells?

A

Cells are the basic building blocks that make up all living organisms.

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function in the body.

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3
Q

Name 3 different types of tissue.

A

Muscular tissue- which contracts to move whatever it’s attached to.
Glandular tissue- which makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones.
Epithelial tissue- which covers some parts of the body.

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4
Q

What is an organ?

A

An organ is a group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function.

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5
Q

What is an organ system?

A

An organ system is a group of organs working together to perform a particular function.

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6
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A catalyst is a substance which increases the speed of a reaction, without being changed or used up in a reaction.

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7
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts and reduce the needs for high temperatures. They’re all large proteins.

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8
Q

How enzymes work?

A

Every enzyme has an active site with a unique shape that fits onto a substrate.
They usually only catalyse one reaction as if the substrate doesn’t fit the active site then the reaction won’t be catalysed.

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9
Q

What happens is the pH or temperature aren’t right for enzymes?

A

Higher temp.- increases the rate at first, if it gets too hot some bonds holding the enzyme together break. This changes the shape of the active site so the substrate won’t fit so the enzyme is denatured.
If the pH the is too low or too high the enzyme will get denatured as the active site changes shape.

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10
Q

What does carbohydrases break down? Where are carbohydrases produced? And what do they produce?

A

Amylase is an example of a carbohydrases.
It breaks down starch.
Into simple sugars.
Produced in the salivary glands, the pancreas and the small intestine.

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11
Q

What does protease break down? Where are they produced? What do they produce?

A

Protease break down proteins.
Produce amino acids.
Produced in the stomach, the pancreas and the small intestine.

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12
Q

What does lipase break down? Where are they produced? What do they produce?

A

Lipase breaks down lipads/fats.
Produce glycerol and fatty acids.
Produced in the pancreas and the small intestine.

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13
Q

What is bile used for and where is it produced?

A

Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder before it’s released into the small intestine.
Bile neutralises stomach acid so enzymes can break down food molecules.
Also, it emulsifies fat to give a larger surface area of fat for the lipase enzyme to work on.

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14
Q

What are the lungs?

A

The lungs are like pink sponges and are protected by the rib cage.

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15
Q

How does air get into your lungs?

A
  1. The air that you breath in via your wnose and mouth goes through the trachea. This then splits into 2 tubes called bronchi.
  2. The bronchi split into progressively smaller tubes called bronchioles.
  3. The bronchioles finally end at small bags called the alveoli where gas exchange occurs.
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16
Q

How gas exchange occurs

A
  1. The blood passing next to the alveoli has just returned to the lungs from the rest of the body, so it contains lots of carbon dioxide and very little oxygen.
  2. Oxygen diffuses out the alveolus into the blood. Carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolus to be breathed out.
  3. When the blood reaches body cells the oxygen is released from the red blood cells and diffuses into the body cells.
  4. At the same time, carbon dioxide diffuses out the body cells into the blood and then carried back to the lungs.
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17
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

It’s where two circuits work together. In the heart the first one, the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen. The blood then returns to the heart.
In the second one, the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood around all the other organs of the body. The blood gives up its oxygen at the body cells and the deoxygenated blood returns to the heart to be pumped out to the lungs again.

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18
Q

Why does the heart have valves?

A

The heart has valves to make sure the blood flows in the right directions so they prevent blood flowing backwards.

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19
Q

What is the pathway of the blood in the heart?

A
  1. Blood flows into the two atria (right atrium and left atrium) from the vena cava (into the right atrium) and the pulmonary vein (into left atrium).
  2. The atria contract pushing the blood into the ventricles.
  3. The ventricles contract, forcing the blood into the pulmonary artery (from the right ventricle) and the aorta (from the left ventricle).
  4. The blood then flows to the organs through arteries, and returns through veins.
  5. Atria then refill and cycle occurs again.
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20
Q

How is the heart a pacemaker?

A

Your resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells in the right atrium wall that act as a pacemaker. These cells produce a small electric pulse, which spreads to the surrounding muscle cells and this causes the heart to contract.

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21
Q

What is an artificial pacemaker?

A

An artificial pacemaker is a device that’s implanted under the skin and has a wire going to the heart.

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22
Q

Why are artificial pacemakers used?

A

They are often used to control heartbeat if the natural pacemaker cells don’t work properly.

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23
Q

How does an artificial pacemaker work?

A

It produces an electric current to keep the heart beating regularly.

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24
Q

Name the 3 blood vessels and their function.

A

Arteries- carry blood away from the heart.
Capillaries- involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues.
Veins- carry blood to the heart.

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25
Q

List the characteristics of the artery.

A

Artery walls are strong and elastic- as blood gets pumped round at a high pressure.
The walls are thick compared to the size of the lumen (middle).
Contain thick layers of muscle- to make them strong.
Contain elastic fibres- to allow them to stretch and spring back.

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26
Q

List the characteristics of the capillaries.

A

Very small
Carry blood close to every cell- so it can exchange substances in them.
Permeable walls- substances can diffuse in and out.
Supply food and oxygen and take away waste like carbon dioxide.
One cell thick- increases the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance where the diffusion occurs.

27
Q

List the characteristics of the veins.

A

Capillaries join together to form veins
Blood passes through the veins at a low pressure so walls don’t need to be thick.
Bigger luman- help the blood flow
Have valves- to keep blood flowing in the right direction.

28
Q

How do you calculate rate of blood flow.

A

Rate of blood flow= volume of blood
————————
Number of mins.

29
Q

Characteristics of red blood cells

A

Biconcave disc- large surface area for absorbing oxygen
Don’t have a nucleus- allows them to carry more oxygen
Contain a red pigment called haemaglobin- bind to oxygen to create oxyhaemaglobin which is carried to the working muscles and cells in the body.

30
Q

What are white blood cells used for.

A

Can change shape to eat up unwelcome microorganisms, this is called phagocytosis.
Some produce antibodies to fight microorganisms.
Produce antitoxins to neutralise any toxins produced by microorganisms.

31
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Platelets- small fragments of cells that have no nucleus.

They help blood to clot at a wound to stop blood pouring out and stop microorganisms getting in.

32
Q

What can a lack of platelets lead to?

A

Excessive bleeding or bruising

33
Q

What is plasma?

A

Plasma is a straw-coloured liquid which carries loads:
Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
Glucose and amino acids
Carbon dioxide (from the organs to the lungs)
Urea (from the liver to the kidneys)
Hormones
Proteins
Antibodies and antitoxins

34
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

It is when coronary arteries that supply blood to the muscle of the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material building up. This causes arteries to become narrow and blood flow is restricted and there’s a lack of oxygen.

35
Q

What are stents used for?

A

Stents are tubes that are put inside arteries. They keep the arteries open making sure blood can pass through to the heart muscles.

36
Q

Advantages of stents?

A

Stents lower the risk of a heart attack due to coronary heart disease.
They’re effective for a long time and recovery time is quite quick.

37
Q

Disadvantages of stents?

A

Complications during the surgery like a heart attack
A risk of infection from the surgery
Risk of patient developing a blood clot near the stent (called thrombosis)

38
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

It is an essential lipase that your body produces and needs to function properly.

39
Q

What can too much cholesterol result in?

A

Health problems

Can cause fatty deposits to form in the arteries, which can lead to coronary heart disease.

40
Q

What are statins?

A

Statins are drugs that can reduce the amount of ‘bad’ cholesterol present in the blood. This slows down the rate of fatty deposit forming.

41
Q

Name 3 advantages of statins

A

Can reduce the risk of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attacks.
Can increase the amount of beneficial cholesterol.
May prevent some other diseases.

42
Q

Name 3 disadvantages of statins

A

A long term drug that must be take regularly.
Can cause negative side effects (memory loss, kidney failure).
The effect of statins isn’t instant.

43
Q

Define health

A

Health is the state of physical and mental wellbeing.

44
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A 
Can spread person to person 
Can spread animal to people 
Can be caused by things like bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi
Examples:
Malaria 
Measles 
Influenza
45
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

Cannot spread between people or animals.
Generally last a long time and get worse slowly.
Examples:
Asthma
Cancer
Coronary heart disease

46
Q

Why are people with problems with their immune system more likely to suffer from communicable diseases?

A

As the immune system fights off infection.

Their body is less likely able to defend itself against the pathogen that causes the disease.

47
Q

Name 2 examples of when other problems cause a disease or illness?

A

Immune system reactions caused by a pathogen- trigger allergic reactions like skin rashes or worsen the symptoms of asthma.
Mental health issues- affected by people physical health problems or if they’re unable to complete every day tasks.

48
Q

Name 3 factors that may affect a persons health.

A

If you have a good, balanced diet that provides the body with all the things it needs and the right amounts.
Stress a person is under
Your life situation

49
Q

What risk factors are there that increases the chances of getting a disease?

A

The person’s lifestyle
Presence of certain substances in the environment
Presence of certain substances in the body

50
Q

Name 5 risk factors that can cause a disease directly.

A

Smoking- cause cardiovascular disease, lung disease and lung cancer.
Obesity- can cause type 2 diabetes.
Drinking too much alcohol- cause liver disease.
Smoking when pregnant- cause health problems for the unborn baby.
Exposed to radiation or substances- cause types of cancer.

51
Q

What is cancer caused by?

A

Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and division, this results in the formation of a tumour (a mass of cells).

52
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

Where a tumour grows till there’s no more room.
The tumour stays in one place rather than invading other tissues in the body.
This type of tumour isn’t normally dangerous or cancerous.

53
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

Where the tumour grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues.
Cells can break off and spread to other parts of the body by travelling in the bloodstream.
Malignant cells invade healthy tissues elsewhere in the body and form secondary tumours.
They are normally dangerous and can be fatal.

54
Q

Name 5 ways the risk factors of getting cancer are increased?

A
  1. Smoking- lung, mouth, bowel, stomach and cervical cancer.
  2. Obesity- bowel, liver and kidney cancer.
  3. UV exposure- skin cancer
  4. Viral infection- liver cancer
  5. Inherit faulty genes- BRCA genes have been linked to breast and ovarian cancer.
55
Q

Name 5 types of plant tissues.

A
  1. Epidermal tissue- covers the whole plant.
  2. Palisade mesophyll tissue- photosynthesis occurs.
  3. Spongy mesophyll tissue- big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out.
  4. Xylem and phloem- transport things like water, minerals and food around the plant.
  5. Meristem tissue- found at the growing tips of shoots and roots and is able to differentiate into different types of plant cells.
56
Q

Name the ways in which the 5 types of tissue structures are related to their function?

A
  1. Epidermal tissue- waxy cuticle, reduce water loss.
  2. Upper epidermis- transparent, light can pass through into the palisade layer.
  3. Palisade layer- lots of chloroplasts, near top of cell so it can get light for photosynthesis.
  4. Xylem and Phloem- network of vascular bundles, deliver water and other nutrients to the leaf.
  5. Tissues are adapted for gas exchange- the opening and closing of stomata is controlled by guard cells. Air spaces in the spongy mesophyll tissue increases the rate of diffusion.
57
Q

Describe the process of translocation.

A
  1. Made of columns of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls to allow cell sap to flow through.
  2. Transport food substances for immediate use or storage.
  3. The transport can go in both directions.
  4. Occurs in the phloem tubes.
58
Q

How the xylem takes up water?

A
  1. Made of dead cells joined end to end with no end walls between them and hole down the middle. They’re strengthened with a material called lignin.
  2. They carry water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem or leaves.
  3. The movement of water from the the roots, thought the xylem and out of the leaves is called the transpiration stream.
59
Q

Where does translocation occur?

A

In the phloem.

60
Q

Where does transpiration occur.

A

In the xylem.

61
Q

Describe the process of transpiration.

A
  1. Transpiration is caused by the evaporation and diffusion of water from a plants surface. Most transpiration happens at the leaves.
  2. This evaporation creates a slight shortage of water in the leaf, and so more water is drawn up from the rest of the plant through the xylem vessels to replace it.
  3. This in turn means more water is drawn up from the roots, and so there’s a constant transpiration stream of water through the plant.
62
Q

Name the 4 factors that affect the rate of transpiration and how?

A

Light intensity- bright light=faster rate
Stomata close as it gets dark, photosynthesis can’t occur in the dark.
Temperature- warmer=faster rate
When it’s warm the particles have more energy to evaporate and diffuse.
Air flow- better air flow=greater rate
Humidity- the drier air=faster rate

63
Q

How are guard cells are adapted to open and close the stomata?

A
  1. Kidney shape
  2. Lots of water the guard cells fill with it and go plump as turgid, this causes stomata to open so gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis.
  3. When plant is short of water the guard cells lose water and become flaccid making the stomata close. This helps stop excess water vapour escaping.
  4. Thin outer walls, thickened inner walls
  5. Sensitive to light- close at night
  6. More stomata and underside of leaf.

Biology (5 decks)

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