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biology > topic 3 genetics > Flashcards

topic 3 genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the genome

A

all the etire genetic material of an organisms

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2
Q

what is dna

A

dna is a double helic plymer

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3
Q

what is apolymer

A

a polymer is a long chain of a specific molecules joined up together

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4
Q

what is a gene

A

a small section of dna that codes for a specfic sequenec of amino acids which code for a portein

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5
Q

what are chromosomes

A

long strands of dna coiled up

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6
Q

how many chrosomes does a human have

A

23 pairs

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7
Q

how can dna be extracted from a fruit

A

frind the strawbeery down add detergent
filter the sample
add ethanol
and remove the dna with a wire lool

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8
Q

why do you grind up the strawberry

A

to break down the cellw wall

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9
Q

why do you filter the strawbeery out

A

to leave the filtrate in

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10
Q

why do you add ethanol to the strawbeery

A

dna will kove into the ethanol by precipetation

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11
Q

what is gene therapy

A

inserting new or modiefied genes into a cells genome to treat the disease

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12
Q

why is gene sequency good

A

understand an improve inherted dieases
identifity different genes
personalise the medicine

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13
Q

what is a nucleotides made from

A

a phosphate , a sugar and a base

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14
Q

what are nucleotides

A

small unites that repeat throughout dna

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15
Q

what are dna held by

A

weak hydrogen bonds between opposite bases

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16
Q

what is the strand of made from

A

sugar phosphate strand

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17
Q

what is a codon

A

three bases together . each codon makes one amino acid

18
Q

what happens in transcription

A

dna strand is unzipped . one strand is used to make a template od dna is the form of mrna . the rna polymerase joins the mrna template together . a pairs up with u and then the mrna leaves the nucleus

19
Q

where is transcription takes place

A

in the nucleus

20
Q

differences between mrna and dna

A

shorter than dna
only a single strand
it has uracil insted of thymaine

21
Q

a on the dna strand is going to pair with a - on the mrna

A

u

22
Q

what does rna polymerase do

A

binds to the start of the gene and changes the dna to mrna

23
Q

what is the enxyme called that changes dna into mrna

A

rna polymerase

24
Q

what is the whole point tf transcirion and tramsaltion

A

making porteins

making a copy of a gene so it can leave to the ribosomes

25
Q

what happens in translation

A

mrna strand binds to the ribosomes by adding one amino acid at a time . the amonio acids are rbought by trna

26
Q

what is trna stands for

A

transfer r n a

27
Q

what is on the trnba

A

amonio acid at the top and the anti-codon at the botton(the bases ) . complemetray to the bases on the mrna .

28
Q

what are the two different types of cell division

A

mitosis and meisos

29
Q

what does mitosis result in

A

2 gentically identical daughter cells

30
Q

what reprodction is used for mitosis

A

asexual repoduction

31
Q

what does meiosos redult in

A

four gentically non-dientical cells

32
Q

what reporudtcion is used for mieosis

A

sexual reproduction

33
Q

what does divsion by meisos reproduces gametes withhb

A

Division of cells by meiosis (or meiotic division) in reproductive organs produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes found in all other body cells.

34
Q

four key features of asexual repoduction

A

no fusion of gamete
ospprings are gentically identical
one parent
mitois

35
Q

what are the advantages to asexual reproduction

A

fater than sexual repdouction
if conditions are favourable then prodccuing clones is great

less energyn used

36
Q

what are the four key features of sexual reporduction

A

gametes fuse
osprrings are gentically non-dentical
2 parents
meiois

37
Q

what are the sex cells in plants

A

pollen and ovum

38
Q

postives of sexual reproduction

A

can spped up artifical selction

variation in offspeing

39
Q

what can produce asexually and sexually

A

strawbeeries and fungi

40
Q

why is there variation within a certain population

A

because of genetic and environment causes

41
Q

what is a phenotype

A

the observable charcateristics

e.g. brown ahir

42
Q

what is the genotype

A

the alleles for the charceteristic

e.g. bb

biology (2 decks)

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