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Biology > Topic 3 genetics, 10 > Flashcards

Topic 3 genetics, 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Interphase

A

The cell makes extra sub-
cellular parts, such as
mitochondria and ribosomes.
DNA replication also occurs,
to make copies of all the
chromosomes.

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2
Q

Prophase

A

The nucleus starts to break
down and spindle fibres
appear.

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3
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up on the
spindle fibres across the
middle of the cell.

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4
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosome copies are
separated and moved to
either end of the cell on the
spindle fibres.

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5
Q

Telophase

A

A membrane forms around
each set of chromosomes to
form nuclei.

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6
Q

Mitosis

A

The process of cell division.
Cells replicate their DNA and then divide to produce 2 identical cells.

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7
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The cell surface membrane
forms to separate the two
cells.
In plant cells the cell wall
forms.

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8
Q

How many chromosomes in human’s body?

A

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

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9
Q

Gemetes ( sex cells )

A

Exception is sex cells (gametes) that only have one
of each pair.
As you inherit half your genes from each parent.
Therefore, the nucleus contains 23 chromosomes.

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10
Q

Meiosis

A

Only takes place in reproductive organs of
animals and plants.
Meiosis results in sex cells, gametes.

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11
Q

First stage of Meiosis

A

The first stage involves mitosis as the cell must
first replicate.
These two cells then divide to form gametes,
each with a single set of chromosomes.

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12
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis
Only one cell division occurs.

A

Mitosis

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13
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis
Genetic information is copied.

A

Mitosis/ Meiosis

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14
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis
Four daughter cells produced.

A

Meiosis

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15
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis
One copy of each chromosome
goes to each of the new daughter cells.

A

Meiosis

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16
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis
Two daughter cells produced

A

Mitosis

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17
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis
The cells produced are identical.

A

Mitosis

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18
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis
Used to form gametes.

A

Meiosis

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19
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis
Two cell division occur.

A

Meiosis

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20
Q

Nucleus

A

Nucleus: the central part of a cell that contains genetic material (DNA), acting as the control center for
the cell’s activities and cell division.

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21
Q

DNA

A

DNA: the molecule that stores genetic information in the cell and provides instructions for making
proteins and controlling the cell’s activities.

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22
Q

Chromosome

A

Chromosome: thread-like structures in cells that carry genetic information (DNA) and determine an
organism’s traits.

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23
Q

Gene

A

Gene: contains instructions for building and maintaining an organism; they determine an organism’s
characteristics.

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24
Q

Genome

A

Genome: A genome is the complete set of an organism’s genetic material, including all its genes and
DNA sequences, which carries the instructions for the structure and function of that organism.

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25
Q

Haploid

A

Haploid: Haploid refers to cells with half the normal number of chromosomes, typically found in
gametes.

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26
Q

Diploid

A

Diploid: cells that have a complete set of paired chromosomes, representing the full chromosome
number typical for an organism.

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27
Q

Fertilisation

A

Fertilisation: the process by which the sperm cell and egg cell fuse to form a zygote, initiating the
development of a new organism.

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28
Q

Zygote

A

Zygote: the cell formed by the fusion of sperm and egg during fertilization, which eventually develops
into a new organism.Zygote

29
Q

Mitosis

A

Mitosis: a type of cell division that makes two identical cells, used for growth and repairing damaged
tissues.

30
Q

DNA, chromosomes, polymer

A

A chemical known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA),
which is packaged into long molecules called
chromosomes
DNA is a polymer, a long molecule made up of
many repeating subunits, coded for by amino
acids.

31
Q

A Gene

A

A gene is a small section of DNA that controls the
characteristics of your body, or more specifically
proteins.
Genes are grouped together on chromosomes.

32
Q

Male or Female

A

Males have one Y
chromosome and one
X chromosome.

Females have two X
chromosomes.

33
Q

A Genome

A

The genome of an organism is the entire
genetic material of the organism.
Includes all the
chromosomes and the
genetic material.
So, the human genome
includes all
46 chromosomes

34
Q

Diploid

A

If it has the complete genome of 46 chromosomes,
it is diploid or 2n.
If it has half the genome, for example

35
Q

Haploid

A

If it has half the genome, for example in a gamete cell,
it is haploid or 1n.

36
Q

Diploid vs Haploid

A

Diploid vs. Haploid
These names refer to how many chromosomes a cell has.

37
Q

Fertilisation

A

Is the fusion of the sperm and egg cell, which
includes the fusion of the nuclei.
So the offspring has a full genome.
The fertilised egg cell is called a zygote.
This then forms a ball of cells eventually
becoming an embryo through mitosis.

38
Q

What is inherited variation?

A

Offspring get a mixture of characteristics from their parents.
We say they inherited these characteristics. Variation in this characteristic is known as inherited variation.

39
Q

What is Gregor Mendel known for?

A

Founded the science of genetics.
Identified rules on how gratis are passed through generations of living things

40
Q

What were Mendel’s 4 rules that he determined based on his findings?

A

Flower colour, plant height, and seed shape were controlled by pairs of heritable factors that come in different versions.

One version of a factor ( the dominant from) could mask the presence of another version ( the recessive from)

41
Q

What is an Allele?

A

The factors controlling different characteristics were inherited independently of one another.

Recall that Alleles are different form of a gene.
- Each allele results in a different protein, for example the gene for dimples may have the dimple (D) of the no- dimple (d) allele in place.

42
Q

Dominant Allele

A

Controls a character when only present on one of your chromosome ( CAPITAL)

43
Q

Recessive Allele

A

To control the characteristics needs to be present on both chromosomes ( lowercase)

44
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

If heterozygous for a gene, you carry 2 different alleles. For example … Aa

45
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

If homozygous for a gene, then carry 2 copies of the same allele. For example AA or aa

46
Q

Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes consist of DNA is tightly coiled and
packaged up with proteins

47
Q

Structure of DNA

A

A molecule of DNA contains two strands.
The strands are joined together by pairs of bases.
It then twists to form this helix shape.double helix

48
Q

Nucleotide and bases

A

A nucleotide consists of alternating sugar and
phosphate sections.
One of four bases– A, C, G, or T– is attached to
each sugar.
(A - T, C-G)

49
Q

Nucleotides

A

It is a polymer, a long
molecule made up of
many repeating
subunits, called
nucleotides.

50
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

The bases in DNA are
joined by hydrogen
bonds.

51
Q

DNA coding

A

A sequence of three bases is the code for a
particular amino acid. The three bases are called
a codon
The order of bases controls the order in which
amino acids are joined together to form a
particular protein.

52
Q

Lesson 5

A

Була практична, як роздобути ДНК полуниці

53
Q

Lesson 6

A

Науковці

54
Q

Protein

A

Protein molecules of made up of long chains of Amino
Acids. There are around 20 different amino acids,
different arrangements
of these give different
proteins.

55
Q

Structure of protein

A

Structure of Proteins
Proteins are macromolecules
(polymer).
Macro = Large
Very large molecules, created through
polymerisation (joining) of smaller subunits.
These subunits are different amino acids
(monomers).

56
Q

Protein chain

A
  • The long protein chain of amino acids is then
    folded to make a 3D structure with a specific
    shape.
  • This allows other molecules to fit into it – very
    important for antibodies and enzymes.
57
Q

Functions of Proteins

A

Structural Components
Hormones
Antibodies
Catalysts

58
Q

Structural Components

A

Structural Components
For example, the structural components of
tissues such as muscle and tendons.

59
Q

Hormones

A

Hormones
Hormones are chemical messengers in the body.
Examples include;
* Insulin
* Oestrogen
* Progesterone
* Testosterone
* Adrenalin

60
Q

Antibodies

A

Part of immune system, involved in destroying
pathogens.

61
Q

Catalysts ( enzymes)

A

Increase the rate of chemical reactions.

62
Q

Stages of Protein Synthesis

A

Transcription and Translation

63
Q

Transcription

A

Transcription
Takes place in the nucleus, the base sequence of
DNA is copied (transcribed) into mRNA
(messenger RNA).

64
Q

Translation

A

Translation
The mRNA is then used as a template, to form
the amino acid chain or polypeptide.

65
Q

What does monohybrid inheritance mean?

A

Monohybrid Inheritance study of how the alleles of just one gene are passed from parents to offspring

66
Q

What does genotype mean?

A

Genotype - set of genes responsible for a particular characteristics

66
Q

What does phenotype mean?

A

Phenotype - the observable characteristics resulting from the genotype

67
Q

What are genetic disorders

A

Not all diseases are infectious. Sometimes diseases are the result of a problem in our genes and can be passes on from parents to child this is a genetic disorder

68
Q

What is polydactyly, and how is it caused?

A

Polydactyly
Born with extra fingers or toes. Caused by a dominant allele, can therefore be inherited from just one parent.

Biology (3 decks)

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