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Higher Human Biology Unit 1 > Topic 3 - Gene Expression > Flashcards

Topic 3 - Gene Expression Flashcards

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1
Q

What regulation controls gene expression?

A

Transcription and Translation

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2
Q

Structure of RNA

A

Single stranded, with nucleotides

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3
Q

Bases in RNA and who they’re paired with

A

Uracil with Adenine, Guanine with Cytosine

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4
Q

Difference in nucleotides between RNA and DNA structure

A

The bases (uracil instead of thymine), the sugar (ribose instead of deoxyribose)

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5
Q

What’s the function of mRNA

A

Carries a copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosome

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6
Q

What’s the function of rRNA

A

Along with proteins, it forms the ribosome

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7
Q

What’s the function of tRNA

A

Carries a specific amino acid

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8
Q

Primary Transcript of DNA into mRNA

A

A copy of information is made in the nucleus from a DNA molecule on to a RNA molecules called mRNA

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9
Q

First stage of Transcription of DNA Into mRNA

A

RNA polymerase moves along DNA unwinding a section of the double helix

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10
Q

What happens to the sugar phosphate bonds during transcription

A

They form between adjacent RNA nucleotides

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11
Q

What is required for transcription?

A

ATP and RNA polymerase

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12
Q

Complementary Base Pairing takes place during Transcription. What does this mean?

A

Free nucleotides pair with DNA bases, guanine and cytosine, uracil and adenine

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13
Q

What happens in RNA splicing? (To the introns)

A

The introns of the primary transcript of mRNA are non- coding and are removed

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14
Q

What happens in RNA Splicing? (To the Exons)

A

They are coding regions and are joined together to form mature transcript

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15
Q

How is gene expression influenced?

A

By intra and extra - cellular environmental factors

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16
Q

A Polypeptide Chain

A

A short chain of 6 - 8 amino acids joined together

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17
Q

What is mRNA translated into and where is it translated?

A

It’s translated into a polypeptide chain at a ribosome

18
Q

Why does tRNA fold during transcription?

A

Due to base pairing to form a triplet anticodon site and an attachment site for a specific amino acid

19
Q

What is mRNA transcribed from?

A

DNA in the nucleus and translated into proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm

20
Q

Introns

A

Non-coding regions of genes

21
Q

Exons

A

Coding regions of genes

22
Q

What do triplet codons on mRNA and anticodons translate?

A

They translate the genetic code into a sequence of amino acids

23
Q

Start codon

A

The first three bases on a mRNA strand (i.e the first codon)

24
Q

Stop Codon

A

The last codon

25
Q

What happens when the translation reaches the stop codon?

A

The ribosome releases the newly synthesised polypeptide chain

26
Q

ATP in Translation

A

It provides energy for the process

27
Q

What will the sequence of the codons in the mRNA strand determine?

A

The amino acids in the polypeptide that will be synthesised

28
Q

How do anticodons on tRNA relate to the codons on mRNA?

A

They are complementary to each other

29
Q

Hydrogen bonds form between..

A

Bases

30
Q

Peptide bonds form between..

A

Amino acids

31
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

The nucleus

32
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

Ribosome

33
Q

What happens to a protein after translation?

A

The protein is modified

34
Q

How is the protein modified after translation?

A

The cutting and joining of polypeptide chains or by the addition of a carbohydrate or a phosphate group to the final protein molecule

35
Q

Structural similarities with mRNA and tRNA

A

Both contain the bases A,U,C and G

36
Q

Structural differences with mRNA and tRNA

A

tRNA is folded, when mRNA is not. tRNA has base pairing, mRNA doesn’t. mRNA is single-stranded and tRNA is double-stranded

37
Q

Transcription

A

Copying of the DNA code onto the mRNA

38
Q

Translation

A

Converting the information given on the mRNA into a sequence of amino acids

39
Q

Triplet

A

Sequence of bases specifying one amino acid

40
Q

Codon

A

Triplet of bases on mRNA

41
Q

Anti-Codon

A

Triplet of bases on tRNA

Higher Human Biology Unit 1 (5 decks)

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