Topic 3 - Education system of England and Wales Flashcards
Introduction?
From the 1940s to the 1970s, the education system in England and Wales was relatively straightforward, with some local variations. There was an emphasis on promoting equality of opportunity, though disagreements existed on the best approach. Recent changes, driven by government policies and devolution, have led to a wide range of school types and organizations. While equality of opportunity remains a goal, recent reforms reflect the new right’s belief that the education system should cater to employers’ needs.
A brief history of state education until the 1980s?
Before WW2, most children in the state sector attended elementary schools until age 14. Secondary education was available only to those who could afford private schools or passed the 11+ examination for grammar schools. The 1944 Education Act made secondary education available to all children from age 11, with different types of schools based on 11+ results. Grammar schools offered an academic curriculum, while most attended secondary modern schools with no exams. Technical schools existed in some areas. From 1965, comprehensive secondary schools were introduced to eliminate class-based selection. Since the 1970s, debates on the quality of state education have continued, addressing teaching methods, behaviour, and youth readiness for work.
Educational change since 1979?
Since 1979, educational changes under Margaret Thatcher and subsequent governments have significantly impacted schools. Key changes included the introduction of parent governors, financial control for headteachers, more frequent school inspections, and the development of a national curriculum. Schools faced increased examinations, competition for pupils, and the concept of educational choice for parents. Better-performing schools received more funding, while some could select 10% of students based on ability. Student grants were replaced by loans, and higher education now involves fees. Central government and local authority control over schools has decreased, with more external scrutiny through league tables and inspections. This led to the rise of various school types, such as Academies and Free Schools, while some areas, like Trafford and Kent, still maintain grammar schools.
Supporters of the Education Reform
Supporters of educational reforms argue that teaching quality has improved, schools are more responsive to parents, and competition drives weaker schools to improve. They believe schools now have better connections with employers and universities. However, critics argue that funding changes create gaps between schools, with some lacking resources. They contend that league tables encourage schools to favor the most able students, disadvantaging others due to the link between social class and educational success. Critics also claim the focus on exams limits lessons to test preparation, and new school types may offer a narrower education. Lastly, they argue that the emphasis on competition and division has replaced the ideal of equal opportunities for all children.
The Academy programme?
The Academy Programme began in the 1990s when the Labour government viewed local education authorities (LEAs) as a barrier to school improvement. Failing schools were forced to leave LEAs and became academies, managed by boards or trusts, often with local businesses or universities involved. Academies are funded directly by the government with significant investment, aiming for better results through independence and new ideas. However, evidence on performance improvements is mixed, and the shift has led to a fragmented state sector. Some schools adapt their curriculum, leading to varying educational experiences. Additionally, resource gaps may give some schools unfair advantages, particularly in recruiting staff and students, while local authorities lose funding as schools leave their control.
Diversity + devolution?
Scotland and Northern Ireland have always had separate education systems from England and Wales. Until 1998, Welsh and English schools were quite similar, with Wales having more grammar school places in the 1950s, reflecting its emphasis on education. Since devolution, the education systems in England and Wales have diverged, with Wales adopting a different A-level system from 2016 and not following the Academy Path.
Independent + private schools
Independent schools allow parents to pay for their children’s education, with the most prestigious known as public schools, like Eton or Cheltenham College. These schools vary in facilities, history, and traditions, and many operate as charities, with some being very wealthy.
Arguments in favor: Parents have the right to choose how to spend their money, and by paying for private education, they save the state sector significant funds. Independent schools also often have strong examination results.
Arguments against independent schools:
Independent schools can exacerbate social inequality by allowing wealthier families to buy privilege, disadvantaging others. Many receive favorable tax treatment, with rich parents benefiting from subsidies. Those who choose private education are often disconnected from concerns about the state system, whereas more influential parents using the state system could push for improvements through pressure groups.
