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Psychology and Its Methods > TOPIC 3: Consciousness > Flashcards

TOPIC 3: Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

One’s moment-to-moment subjective experience of the world

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2
Q

Change blindness

A

A failure to notice large changes in one’s environment

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3
Q

How do the limits on consciousness contribute to change blindness?

A

Major changes to the environment may go unnoticed when conscious awareness is
focused elsewhere

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4
Q

Endogenous attention

A

Attention that is directed voluntarily.

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5
Q

Exogenous attention

A

Attention that is directed involuntarily.

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6
Q

You see an accident on the side of the road and cannot help but slow down to look at the
traumatic scene. Why?

A

exogenous attention occurs when attention is unintentionally shifted to an emotional
stimulus.

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7
Q

Why should you avoid using a laptop during lectures?

A

Laptop use in the classroom may shift attention away from the lecture, leading you to
miss or superficially process information. You might have the illusion that you were paying
attention because you have no awareness of events that happened when your attention was
otherwise occupied.

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8
Q

Priming

A

occurs when the response to a stimulus is influenced or facilitated by recent
experience with that stimulus or a related stimulus. Priming can influence how you perceive
an object, the speed or ease with which you respond and the choices you make.

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9
Q

Subliminal perception

A

The processing of information by sensory systems without conscious
awareness

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10
Q

Which type of subliminal messages are most likely to affect behavior?

A

messages that invoke emotion or motivation may subtly shift behavior but such messages
do not affect complex behaviors like buying or self-confidence

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11
Q

When Tara was learning to knit, she had to pay attention to every stitch. Now she can knit
while watching television. Why can she knit now without giving it full attention?

A

learning a complex task like knitting requires controlled processing. Once you learn the
task, it becomes automatic and no longer requires full attention

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12
Q

Meditation

A

A mental procedure that focuses attention on external object, an internal event or a sense of awareness

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13
Q

Suppose a person meditating focuses on thoughts of waves rolling onto a beautiful
beach. Is the person practicing concentrative meditation or mindfulness meditation?

A

concentrative, because the person is focusing on a specific image

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14
Q

Does showing that long-term meditators have less age-related change in brain structure
prove meditation reduces neural aging and decline?

A

no, correlation does not equal causation. Those who practice meditation may also have
other lifestyle differences that affect brain aging.

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15
Q

What is flow?

A

the state of being deeply immersed in a completely enjoyable and satisfying experience
that may have no consequence beyond itself

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16
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

biological patterns that occur at regular intervals as a function of time of
day.

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17
Q

REM sleep

A

The stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, paralysis of motor
systems, and dreaming.

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18
Q

After the fact explanation (hindsight bias)

A

Hindsight bias is when a person looks back and at an event and believes they could have predicted the outcome. This means that most people believe their judgment is better than it is.

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19
Q

What hormone, released by the pineal gland, promotes sleep?

A

melatonin

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20
Q

Dream

A

Products of an altered state on consciousness in which images and fantasies are
confused with reality

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21
Q

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

A

a hypothesis of dreaming proposing that the brain tries to
make sense of random brain activity by synthesizing the activity with stored memories.

22
Q

Is a dream about folding and putting away laundry more likely to occur during rem sleep or
non-rem sleep?

A

non-REM sleep, when dreams are often dull and lach the bizarre qualities typical of REM
sleep

23
Q

After an exhausting day helping your friend move into a new apartment, you sleep a great
deal that night. Which theory of sleep does this behavior support?

A

the restorative theory

24
Q

Insomnia

A

a disorder characterized by an inability to sleep that causes significant problems in
daily life

25
Q

Obstructive sleep apnea

A

a disorder in which people. while asleep, stop breathing because
their throat closes; the condition results in frequent awakenings during the night

26
Q

Narcolepsy

A

a sleep disorder in which people experience excessive sleepiness during
normal waking hours, sometimes going limp and collapsing

27
Q

suppose a person frequently has trouble falling asleep but is unbothered and functions
well enough in daily life. Does this person have insomnia?

A

no, insomnia is a sleep disorder that affects mental health and causes functional
impairments in a person’s daily life

28
Q

What time should you go to bed if you want to establish good sleeping habits?

A

the specific time depends on you, but it should be the same every night

29
Q

How does unresponsive wakefulness syndrome differ from brain death?

A

those in a state of unresponsive wakefulness show some abnormal brain function, while
those who are brain dead show no brain function

30
Q

Which type of drug heightens behavioral and mental activity?

A

stimulants, such as caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine

31
Q

Which type of drug is in Adderall, used to treat ADHD?

A

an amphetamine (stimulant)

32
Q

What is the definition of binge drinking?

A

drinking five or more drinks in one sitting

33
Q

what are the 4 types of drugs?

A

stimulants, depressants, opiates(narcotics), hallucinogens(psychedelics)

34
Q

What are stimulants?

A

Drugs that increase behavioral and mental activity and activate the sympathetic nervous system

35
Q

3 examples of stimulants?

A

Amphetamines, Methamphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, caffeine

36
Q

2 examples of depressants?

A

alcohol, benzodiazepines

37
Q

What are depressants?

A

Drugs that reduce behavioral and mental activity by depressing the central nervous system

38
Q

3 examples of narcotics?

A

heroin, morphine, codeine

39
Q

What are opiates(narcotics)?

A

Drugs that depress or slow down the central nervous system; relieve pain and suffering

40
Q

3 examples of hallucinogens?

A

LSD, Mescaline, Psilocybin mushrooms

41
Q

what are hallucinogens (psychedelics)?

A

Drugs that produce alteration in cognition, mood and perception

42
Q

Attention

A

The process that enables you to focus selectively on some things and avoid focusing on others

43
Q

What suppresses and triggers the production of melatonin?

A

Light and darkness

44
Q

Type of waves in the alert wakefulness and REM sleep

A

beta waves

45
Q

Types of waves during the time before sleep

A

alpha waves

46
Q

Types of waves during the first stage of sleep

A

theta waves

47
Q

types of waves during the second stage of sleep

A

sleep spindle

48
Q

types of waves during the third and forth stages of sleep

A

delta waves

49
Q

What theory supports the fact that we tend to be more sleepy (prone to sleep) during the evening/night, rather than during the day?

A

Circadian Rhythm Theory

50
Q

minimally conscious state (MCS)

A

a disorder of consciousness, patients with MCS have
partial preservation of conscious awareness.

51
Q

persistent vegetative state (PVS)

A

disorder of consciousness in which patients with
severe brain damage are in a state of partial arousal rather than true awareness.

Psychology and Its Methods (4 decks)

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