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History: Development of the USA > Topic 3: Civil Rights 1939-1962 > Flashcards

Topic 3: Civil Rights 1939-1962 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many times more did South Carolina spend on white schools than black schools?

A

3x

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2
Q

Who represented Linda Brown in the Brown v Topeka case?

A

Thurgood Marshall from the NAACP

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3
Q

What did Marshall argue during the Brown v Topeka case?

A

Educational achievement was restricted and self esteem damaged by the separate but equal ‘Jim Crow laws’

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4
Q

When was segregation ruled unconstitutional?

A

1954

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5
Q

How many black children were still educated in Jim Crow schools in 1957?

A

2.4 million

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6
Q

When were the events of the Little Rock 9?

A

1957

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7
Q

What did the state governor do to stop the entry of Elizabeth Eckford and 8 other students?

A

Faubus ordered guardsmen to block the entry

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8
Q

What was the result of the media coverage of the vicious white crowd?

A

Embarrassed a nation that championed freedom and equality

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9
Q

How many federal troops did Eisenhower send to Little Rock?

A

1000

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10
Q

What was the result of Eisenhower sending federal troops to Little Rock?

A

Faubus closed all Arkansas schools to prevent integration until 1959

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11
Q

How many federal marshals did JFK send to escort James Meredith into the University of Mississippi?

A

320

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12
Q

How many troops did JFK send after riots at the University of Mississippi?

A

2000

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13
Q

What units did Black Americans have to serve in?

A

Segregated units

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14
Q

How many black Americans were there in the US army by 1945?

A
  • 750,000
  • Hundreds of officers
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15
Q

What was medical care like for black soldiers?

A
  • Black nurses could only treat black soldiers
  • Only blood from black soldiers could be used to treat injured black soldiers
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16
Q

What tasks were black soldiers made to do during WWII?

A
  • Menial tasks
  • Or the most dangerous jobs
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17
Q

When did integration start and how?

A
  • US Supreme Commander, Eisenhower supported integrated units
  • By 1944, there were hundreds of black officers in the army and marines
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18
Q

How many black pilots were there by 1945?

A

600

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19
Q

How many black sailors had risen to the rank of officer in 1945?

A

58

20
Q

What was the Double V Campaign?

A

Started at home to gain improved civil rights as well as victory in war

21
Q

What happened to black Americans in government jobs?

A
  • Roosevelt issued an executive order to stop discrimination
  • The amount of Americans in gov jobs trebled to 200,000 by the end of WWII
22
Q

What were racial tensions like after WWII?

A
  • Still existed
  • Led to race riots in 47 cities
23
Q

What happened at the Detroit race riot in 1943?

A
  • 25 black and 9 white killed
  • 700+ injuries
24
Q

What did Eisenhower do to encourage integration?

A

Very little until he was forced to

25
Q

When was Rosa Parks arrested and why?

A
  • 1955
  • Refused to give up her seat on a bus
26
Q

What happened as a result of Rosa Parks being arrested?

A
  • Jo Ann Robinson held a one day boycott
  • They printed thousands of leaflets to encourage people to boycott city buses
27
Q

Who got involved with the boycott?

A
  • MLK
  • Ralph Albernathy
  • Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) formed
28
Q

What did MLK declare following Rosa Parks’ arrest?

A

African-Americans were tired of being humiliated and oppressed in their own country, but they would use peaceful means to persuade people to follow their cause

29
Q

Why did the MIA decide to continue the boycott?

A

Rosa Parks was fined for her offence

30
Q

What were the immediate consequences of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

A
  • King’s home firebombed
  • King and Parks arrested for organising an illegal boycott
31
Q

Who intimidated the boycotters?

A

The Montgomery White Citizens Council

32
Q

When did the Supreme Court rule that segregation was unconstitutional?

A

December 1956

33
Q

What happened during the Sit-in protests?

A
  • Students endured violence and assaults
  • Didn’t retaliate
34
Q

What was the effect of the Sit-ins?

A

Put pressure on the local economy and was successful

35
Q

Who were the Freedom Riders?

A
  • Led by the group CORE
  • Tested whether integration was really happening
36
Q

What were some violent consequences of the Freedom Rides?

A
  • Anniston, Alabama a bus was attacked and burnt
  • In Montgomery, riders were beaten up
  • In Jackson, around 100 riders were jailed
37
Q

Why was MLK popular?

A
  • Enthusiastic
  • Energetic
  • Able to inspire those who worked with him
38
Q

What were examples of some of MLK’s achievements?

A
  • Led the MIA
  • Led the SCLC
  • Voted TIME’s Man of the Year
  • Won the Nobel Peace Prize
39
Q

Which areas did MLK target and why?

A
  • Birmingham and Alabama
  • It had a large black American population
  • It had a notoriously racist chief of police (Bull Connor)
40
Q

What did MLK do when he was arrested?

A
  • Wrote his ‘Letter from Birmingham Jail’ highlighting how slow progress was in the USA towards Civil Rights
41
Q

Why did students and children join the demonstrations and what was the result?

A
  • To test the police reaction
  • Dogs and powerful hoses were used
  • 2000 demonstrators and 1300 children arrested
  • The violence from the police gained massive publicity
42
Q

What was JFK’s response to the demonstrations in Alabama and Birmingham?

A

Got involved and agreed that desegregation would take place within 90 days

43
Q

What happened during the March on Washington in August 1963?

A
  • 250,000 demonstrators came from all over the USA
  • King delivered his ‘I have a dream’ speech
  • It was televised across the USA and put pressure on JFK to pass his Civil Rights Bill
44
Q

What two major setbacks did the campaign suffer in 1963?

A
  • Four black girls were killed in a bomb attack attending Sunday school
  • JFK was assassinated
45
Q

Who passed the Civil Rights Act in 1964?

A

Johnson

46
Q

Why did MLK target Selma?

A

To highlight barriers to black voter registration

History: Development of the USA (5 decks)

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