Topic 3: challenges of an urbanising world Flashcards
what is a primate city
a country that dominates economic financial and political systems
Name the 5 stages of a city changing over time
Urbanisation
sub-urbanisation
de-industrialisation
counter urbanisation
regeneration
What is urbanisation
The increasing population of people living in towns and cities
what is national migration
when people move to a city in the same country
what is international migration
when people move from one country to a city in another country
how is economic change/ migration causing developing countries or grow or decline
cities in developing countries are growing. This is because:
1) rural areas are very poor - improvements in agriculture mean fewer farm workers are needed. This leads to national migration to cities as people seek better jobs. There are lots of opportunities in the informal sector, for low skilled migrants from rural areas
2) some cities have good transport links so trade is focused here - providing lots of jobs
3) some cities are attracting foreign companies and manufacturing industry is expanding
how is economic change/migration causing emerging countries to grow/decline
1) some cities in emerging countries are growing and some have stabilising populations. some have become industrial centres- there are lots of manufacturing jobs. other cities have a rapidly expanding service sector. people move to the cities to work in the new industries and services in supporting them
2) as countries get wealthier they are investing in flagship projects this creates more jobs and is attracting workers
how is economic change/migration causing developed countries to grow/decline
some cities in developed countries have stable populations an others are declining
What is urbanisation
Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of the population living in built up urban areas.
What is suburbanisation
Suburbanisation is the movement of people from the middle of the city to the edges
What is de industrialisation
as countries develop further, factories close and jobs move more heavily into the tertiary sector
What is counter urbanisation
Counter urbanisation is the movement of people away from large urban areas to smaller settlements and rural areas.
What is regeneration
investment from companies back into deprived areas that have faced de-industrialisation
What are the three different types of land use
Commercial – office building shopping centres and hotels
industrial – factories and work houses. Residential – houses, flats and apartments or anything that people live in
What sorts of things are land use influenced by
Accessibility, availability, cost and regulations
How does accessibility influence land use
City centres are usually very accessible – they are the location of the main train and bus stations and the center of the road network. Shops and offices locate in city centers because they need to be accessible to lots of people. Some businesses now locate on the edges of cities – these are near major motorway junctions and out of town airports so avoid traffic congestion in the city centre
How do regulations influence land use
City planners try to control how cities developed by deciding what types of buildings can be built in different parts of the city. There are often strict planning regulation in city centers – polluting Industries may be banned. Some cities have strict limits on development in the Rural urban fringe this stops the city sprawling into the countryside.
How does availability affect land use
In the city centre almost all land is in use and demand is high. Businesses may extend upwards as ground space is limited dash the tallest buildings are often in the centre. Around field land in city centers, such as old industrial sites, may be redeveloped a shops or offices. Some of the old terrorist housing and apartment blocks in Inner cities are redeveloped as luxury homes for young professionals for stop there is lots of space on the edges of cities where larger buildings for example shopping centres, science parks industrial estate and houses can be built if allowed
How does cost affect land use
The city centre has the highest land prices – the cost of land Falls towards the edge of the city. Some businesses and shops can afford to locate offices and shops in the city centre but there are few houses. Houses tend to increase in size from the inner city to the Suburbs as the price of land decreases
How has Mumbai grown
That has been growth due to natural increase and national and international migration. The population increase by more than 12 times in the last 100 years. The Suburbs have been grown and not railroads and roads out of the city as old Mumbai was two congested. Push factors from rural areas – farming development means fewer jobs for people poor services low wages. Pull factors command by dash rage of jobs educational opportunities high wages
How has Mumbai grown
That has been growth due to natural increase and national and international migration. The population increase by more than 12 times in the last 100 years. The Suburbs have been grown and not railroads and roads out of the city as old Mumbai was two congested. Push factors from rural areas – farming development means fewer jobs for people poor services low wages. Pull factors command by dash rage of jobs educational opportunities high wages
What are the opportunities in Mumbai
In the 20th century jobs were manufacturing especially textiles and the sports full stop by 1980 secondary sector work declined tertiary sector work increased in finance and it. More international migrants came. Also an increase in low skilled tertiary sector a services for residents for example cleaners and taxi drivers and Street vendors full defravi slum has 5,000 small-scale businesses estimated to be worth 350 million pounds a year
What are some challenges that Mumbai faces
Rapid expansion – not enough services such as Healthcare education transport and waste disposal. Dumping of 800 million tons of untreated sewage in the mythy River. Traffic congestion – rise in private cars 1.8 million in Mumbai so gridlock an air pollution 90% travel by rail, 8 million people every day so the trains can’t meet the demand. Housing dash living conditions in slums for example the Harvey Water is only available for two hours a day from 5:30 a.m. there is a poor sewage system one toilet for every 500 people. Poor working conditions in the informal sector, long hours toxic fumes dark cramped conditions will stop no taxes for the government from informer work so there’s a lack of funds to improve infrastructure and services
what is the culture like in india
- diverse
- 2011 different religions
- sikhism 2%
- christianity 2.5%
- islam 15%
- hinduism 78% - worlds largest film industry - bollywood
what is the environment like in india
- land air and water polloution
- rick biodiversity
- 6% of the world animal and plant species
- powerful monsoon
- 3rd greatest emmitter of greenhouse gasses
what are the politics like in india
- largest global democracy - 672 people registered to vote in 2015
- UN peacekeeping missions contributes 2nd largest number of troops
- founding member of UN and G20
what is the society like in india
- worlds largest population - 1.25 billion
- worlds 4th and 5th largest cities - mumbai and kolkata
- divided into social ranks or castes
- former brittish colony so lots of people speak english
- worlds worst urban slums, housing 40 million people
how has the economy changed in india
- government encourages foreign investment and reduce/ abolish
- what people buy based on demand
- where goods can be made cheaply
- where investments in products will make
most profits
- gives more than it recieves in aid
- low cost labour and high level tech are attractive for western countries
- produces valuble items
- tourrism sectors are growing rapidly
how do TNCs work in india
- call centre workers are valued more than doctors and teachers so a brain drain is feared
- BT have located call centres in banglore
- TNCs are attracted to banglore as the indian government offers reduced taxes
- Toyota are located here
- walmart , gap and zara all use indian labour to make their clothes
- the indian workforce is 1) cheeper 2) well educated 3) speak good english
