Topic 3: Challanges Of Urbanisation

Question 1

What is a mega city?

Answer 1

A city with a population over 10 million. Most mega cities are in developing and emerging countries.

Question 2

What is a primate city?

Answer 2

Primate cities dominate the country they are in, they usually have much large populations than the other cities in the country.

Question 3

What is national migration ?

Answer 3

When people move to a city in the same country

Question 4

What is international migration?

Answer 4

When people move to a city in another country

Question 5

How economic change effects migration?

Answer 5

• Rural areas are poor - people move to the city for jobs
• Trade may be focused in certain areas for certain reasons creating lots of jobs
• Some cities have declining populations, de-industrialisation puts people into unemployment and so they move away to find work elsewhere

Question 6

What sectors do people work in developing countries?

Answer 6

• Most in the informal sector
• Lots of people in the low skilled tertiary sector
• Few people in the secondary sector - not enough technology

Question 7

What sectors do people work in in emerging countries?

Answer 7

• Workers in the informal sector decreases as the country develops
• Most work in the secondary sector
• Lots in the tertiary sector

Question 8

Where do people work in developed countries?

Answer 8

• Almost none work in the informal sector
• Few people work in the secondary sector
• Most people work in the tertiary sector (high demand for services as people have lots of money to spend)
• Some employment in the quaternary sector as the country has highly skilled workers and money to invest

Question 9

How many mega cities in 1950, 2014 and predicted 2030?

Answer 9

In 1950 there were two mega titles (New York and Tokyo)
In 2014 there were 28
In 2030 there will be 41

Question 10

What is de industrialisation ?

Answer 10

As a country develops it experiences manufacturing moving out of the area

Question 11

What is counter urbanisation ?

Answer 11

It is the movement of people away from large urban areas to smaller rural settlements

Question 12

What is regeneration?

Answer 12

When areas of city centres have undergone regeneration to reverse the decline of urban areas because of people moving out

Question 13

What is in the inner city?

Answer 13

It is mainly residential (medium classed housing) and older industry

Question 14

Lagos’s site, situation and connectivity ?

Answer 14

• It has a major port and airport (good for trading)
• It has a lagoon (fishing for food and freshwater in the inland part of the lagoon)
• It has a natural defensive barriers between the city and the Atlantic meaning money doesn’t need to be spent on sea defences
• It was a ex British colony and so it has developed fast due to its links to the rest of the world

Question 15

What is the building age of Lagos ?

Answer 15

• The buildings on banana island are the oldest
• Development then occurred in various areas around the lagoon
• In 1990 these areas joined together to create one city, Lagos
• The railway connects banana island (CBD) with Ikeja and Mushin

Question 16

Historic factors effecting rapid population growth of Lagos ?

Answer 16

• It uses to be under British colonial rule meaning it attracted traders and merchants
• Many ex slaves travelled to the city

Question 17

Factors in 1960 - 90 effecting rapid population growth?

Answer 17

• Exports of oil made people wealthy
• The government funded lots of construction projects such as sea ports and oil refineries creating lots of job opportunities

Question 18

Recent factors effecting rapid population growth ?

Answer 18

• Most growth is caused by rural-urban migration
• The countries bordering Nigeria (Chad and Niger) are poor and involved with religious conflict so people move to Nigerian cities (Lagos) for new lives
• There are lots of national migrants from the North of Nigeria where there are high levels of poverty

Question 19

How has land use in Lagos changed?

Answer 19

• People are forced to move to the RUF as they can’t afford rising house prices in the inner city
• Slums are built on undesirable locations
• Slums were relocated and people living there were forced to move to the RUF as slums in the lagoon were regenerated to create upper class housing
• Land around the CBD is in high demand so artificial islands were built for the upper class creating gated communities

Question 20

Advantages of top down projects (government led)?

Answer 20

• Can achieve large improvements that effect the whole city e.g. the improved water supply will help everyone
• Can carry out high cost projects that NGOs would struggle to fund

Question 21

Disadvantages of top down projects (government led)?

Answer 21

• Very expensive e.g. Nigeria had to borrow $1 billion from the world bank to fund the construction of its light rail line
• Top down approaches don’t always have the support of communities, they may undermine the project e.g. busses are often delayed due to cars and stalls blocking the bus lane
• The project may not help the most in need e.g. the small generator ban effected poor people more then rich as they cannot afford cleaner alternatives

Question 22

Advantages of bottom up projects (NGO and community led)?

Answer 22

• It is planned with the local community and has its support meaning it can target issues that effect most people in that area
• Often funded by charity donations from developed countries from the wealthy meaning there is little cost for the people it is helping

Question 23

Diadvantages of bottom up projects (NGO and community led)?

Answer 23

• These smaller scale projects reach fewer people
• Funds can often be limited - it means these developing countries rely on developed countries donations
• Has less coordination - several NGOs have the same aims but work separately