Topic 2: Development Dynamics

Question 1

4 examples of measurement of development?

Answer 1

GDP per capita, infant mortality rate, literacy rate, doctors per 1000 of population

Question 2

What is GDP per capita?

Answer 2

The total value of all the goods produced by a country divided by its population, given in US $.

Question 3

What is infant mortality rate?

Answer 3

The number of babies who die under 1 per 1000 babies born.

Question 4

What is doctors per 1000 of population?

Answer 4

The number of working doctors per 1000 people.

Question 5

What is literacy rate?

Answer 5

The percentage of the population aged over 15 who can read and write

Question 6

What factors effect HDI?

Answer 6

• HDI stands for human development index
• Factors effect it: life expectancy, education level and income per head.
• It has a value between 1 and 0.

Question 7

How does climate effect a countries development?

Answer 7

• A country too hot or cold will not be able to grow crops meaning people become malnourished leading to a poor quality of life and slow development.
• Fewer crops to sell means less money is made and less tax is sent to the government and so development is slowed further.

Question 8

Effect of topology on countries development?

Answer 8

• Steep land means that less is grown

- Steep land means infrastructure is expensive and hard to build, this can limit trade and reduce the tax earned.

Question 9

How does health effect a counties development?

Answer 9

• When people become ill they can’t work and don’t earn money
• Less tax taken in as people are sick means that money cannot be spent on hospitals and so more people get sick meaning less and less people are working.

Question 10

What is colonialism?

Answer 10

• When a country is controlled by a foreign country
• The country will be less developed when it gains independence
• Colonised countries usually have their raw materials taken so when they gain independence it is harder to develop than normal

Question 11

What is neo colonialism?

Answer 11

• After counties gain independence richer counties continue to indirectly control them
• TNCs from these richer counties continue to exploit the cheap labour and raw materials from these countries

Question 12

How does economic and political factors effect development?

Answer 12

• Corrupt governments can take money intended for infrastructure and schools
• Countries with good relations are more likely to get good trade agreements

Question 13

Environmental problems on global inequalities?

Answer 13

• Economic development puts more pressure on resources such as electricity meaning that more land is used for the production of electricity and more fossil fuels are burnt.
• Industrialisation emits carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
• Developed counties own factories in developing countries meaning the air pollution is in the developing countries

Question 14

The five stage of Rostow theory model:

Answer 14

1. Traditional society
2. Preconditions for take off
3. Take off
4. Drive to maturity
5. Mass consumption

Question 15

What does Franks dependency model show?

Answer 15

• It shows that poorer countries remain poor because they rely on richer countries
• E.g. TNCs dominate the trading market and exploit cheap labour
• They rely on richer counties to import manufactured goods to provide for their own population which cost more and export primary resources such as crops for less —

Question 16

Advantages of TNCs?

Answer 16

• They link countries together through the production and sales of goods
• They bring culture from their country of origin to other countries, e.g. McDonalds brings Western fast food to other countries
• They promote consumerism — people in developing and emerging countries see what developed countries have and want to have them too making lifestyle more similar around the world

Question 17

Advantage of governments?

Answer 17

• Free trade: governments promote free trade making it easier to move goods and services between countries attracting globalisation
• Investment: governments compete with each other to get investments from TNCs, TNCs brings more jobs and increases economic growth and taxes earned

Question 18

What are top-down approaches?

Answer 18

• They aim to solve problems for lots of people
• They are funded by TNCs or governments from developed countries who will profit
• They can also be funded from loans
• The construction often includes the employment of skilled workers from developed countries

Question 19

What are bottom-up approaches?

Answer 19

• They are small scale projects which aim to improve the quality of life for the poorest and most vulnerable people of society
• These projects are cheaper
• Most money comes from charities which rely on donations from people in developed countries
• They projects employ local people meaning the money enters the local community
• This means that people in the local area have the skills and materials to maintain the project without help

Question 20

What is site?

Answer 20

The land upon which it occurs

Question 21

What is situation?

Answer 21

The position in relation to the surrounding human and physical features

Question 22

Factors of India?

Answer 22

• It is getting wealthier
• It was a British colony
• It has a medium level of development (emerging country) with a HDI score of 0.61
• It has got significantly wealthier than 1990 (0.3 in 1990 - 2.1 in 2015)

Question 23

How has globalisation helped India’s development?

Answer 23

• 50% of all Indians now have a mobile phone, this has enabled people to start their own business and earn more money
• India has 12 major ports and 185 minor seaports
• India has 11 international airports and 86 domestic airports
• TNCs outsource some manufacturing and IT to India bringing jobs, taxes and the latest technology to India.

Question 24

Hw has government policy helped India?

Answer 24

• In 1991, India received $2.2 billion in aid to reduce its economic policies, e.g. by reducing tariffs on imported goods.
• In 2009 India made education free and compulsory 96% of children now go to school
• Rail networks, roads and airports are being improved to reduce travel time and maximise the money earned.

Question 25

What are some regions of India developing faster than others?

Answer 25

• Urban areas are benefiting more than rural areas from the growth of manufacturing and services
• More money is spent on certain areas to attract FDI and TNCs. The wealth generated from these areas improves literacy rates and quality of life.
• More rural states have high levels of malnourishment as people can’t afford food, children must work to earn money rather than go to school meaning literacy rates are low.