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American History, 1955-1992 > Topic 3 - C3 - Changing Popular Culture > Flashcards

Topic 3 - C3 - Changing Popular Culture Flashcards

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1
Q

What did sport reflect before the 1970s?

A

American Way - hard work, equal opportunities for advancement and frequent success. Believed that team games and team spirit = good citizenship and a sense of community that strengthened character.

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2
Q

How much money did the National Football League yield from TV rights between 1970-1982?

A

Received $188 million from TV rights 1970-73 which rose to $646 million in 1978-82.

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3
Q

Why did corporate sponsorships increase during the 1970s?

A

More sport on TV and corporate advertisers could target spectators from home. 90% of men watched sport on TV vs 75% women.

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4
Q

What is an example of sport becoming more money oriented?

A

Oakland Raiders dumped their supporters and traditional homes and moved to LA due to their owner not financing stadium improvements

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5
Q

What happened when Fred Lebow took control of the NYC marathon in the 1970s?

A

Called it the New York Runners Club - changed from a volunteer organisation to a business enterprise - increased attractiveness to corporate funding by raising the number of participants.

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6
Q

What is an example of athletes demanding greater shares of profits?

A

John Mackey of Baltimore Colts sued the NFL to gain greater bargaining power over salaries and movement from one club to another. They won in 1976.

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7
Q

What characterised 1970s sport?

A

Labour disputes, lawsuits, walkouts and strikes

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8
Q

Why did cheating in sport and coverage of cheating increase during the 1970s?

A

Due to potential monetary gains. Rise in investigative journalism led to exposure of corruption. Players revealed corruption to make money.

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9
Q

What are examples of cheating in sport in the 1970s?

A
  • Estimated that ⅓ of US Olympic team used steroids in 1968 and 68% by 1972.
  • 1980 - University of New Mexico coaches were found falsifying athlete’s grades in order to keep mediocre students who earned the uni gate money.
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10
Q

What is an example of increased violence in sport?

A
  • 1978 - New England patriot bumped into Oakland Raider Jack Tatum and suffered two fractured vertebrae - left him a quadriplegic
  • They Call Me Assassin (1980) Tatum revealed he didn’t feel guilty in his book.
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11
Q

The Disco boom began in 1974 with 10,000 discotheques by 1976, what are examples of disco songs?

A
  • First disco hit to reach number 1 - Gloria Gaynor ‘Never Can Say Goodbye’ (1975)
  • Other popular songs included The Bee Gees’ ‘You Should Be Dancing’ (1976).
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12
Q

Who was the most successful heavy metal band and what was heavy metal characterised by?

A

Grand Funk Railroad - ignored by radio and the press, gave it outsider status. Focused on live shows characterised by noise and phallic guitar thrust = nickname Cock Rock. No female artists in heavy metal.

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13
Q

How popular was the heavy metal band Alice Cooper in the 1970s?

A

1976 - 8 gold or platinum albums including the 1973 album - Billion Dollar Babies - reached no.1 in the charts. Performed wearing makeup and high heeled boots which challenged gender roles

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14
Q

What popular punk band aimed to shock using Nazi symbols?

A

The Ramones - rejected pretentious elements of mainstream rock. Used Nazi symbols and played songs such as ‘I Don’t Care’ and ‘I Don’t Wanna Be Tamed’.

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15
Q

What did Punk believe about commercialisation?

A

Believed commercialisation had destroyed US music, mostly liked by working class left wing people

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16
Q

Who were the Dead Kennedys?

A

A punk band that rejected elaborate instrumentation and their songs were anti-establishment with a political message ‘Holiday in Cambodia’ critical of MC students

17
Q

What wave of Punk music emerged in underground clubs of NYC?

A

No Wave - included bands like DNA and Contortions. Teenage Jesus and the Jerks refused to perform songs lasting more than 30 seconds to reject a commercial sound

18
Q

How did New Wave change punk?

A

Took Punk more commercial - combined punk guitars with disco drum machines e.g Blondie - no.1 song ‘Heart of Glass’ 1979

19
Q

Where did Hip Hop come from?

A

Began in NYC Harlem ghettos in early 1970s from black urban youth culture of rapping, djing, graffiti, beatboxing and break dancing. Similar sounds existed from 1968 - Last Poets put rhyming speech to funky music

20
Q

What was Rappers Delight (1979)?

A

Considered the first Hip Hop record, eventually sold over 2 million copies

21
Q

What record was the first rap record to reach number 1?

A

Blondie’s’ ‘Rapture’ first rap record to reach number 1 - people saw it as white exploitation of black tradition

22
Q

What are examples of singer singwriters seen as authentic as they wrote their own music?

A
  • Carly Simon had lyrics of a feminist influence. ‘Nobody Does It Better’ (1970) love song
  • Bruce Springsteen - wrote and sang romantic songs ‘Heartland Rock’ represented the forgotten man, also wrote of declining industrial areas - born in New Jersey - manufacturing area
23
Q

What contradictions existed in film and TV?

A

Offered a mixture of escapism and exploration of social and political tensions in 1970s. Escapism did better at the box office but films documenting rising violence, racial conflict and political corruption also did well.

24
Q

What social consciousness programmes emerged in the 1970s?

A

All In The Family’ (1971-79) - about WW2 veteran and blue collar worker Archie Bunker who ranted that black people, feminists, homosexuals and hippies. SM agreed with his bigotry

25
Q

Which TV series’ had a central feminist character?

A

Maude (1972-78) feminist central character. Mary Tyler Moore Show (1970-77) single, intelligent working women facing less intelligent sexist males in the workplace.

26
Q

How were more sympathetic portrayals of gays depicted?

A

Gay Activist Alliance forced TV networks into more sympathetic portrayals of homosexuals - ‘A Question of Love’ (1978) was about a lesbian mother’s child custody case

27
Q

What popular programme explored racial tensions?

A

Roots (1977) explored the origins of racial tensions - 100 million viewers watched the last episode

28
Q

What were Blaxploitation movies 1969-1974?

A

Black casts and adventures in ghettos. Black heros overcame corrupt whites. Some MC black critics rejected the violence, drug dealing and gangsters.

29
Q

Why did Blaxploitation movies come about?

A
  • Black dismay about the bland black characters in mainstream movies
  • Hollywood’s awareness that black people constituted 30% of the audience = money
  • Awareness from Black Power
30
Q

What did middle class black critics claim about the hit Superfly (1972)?

A

Contributed to a dramatic increase in cocaine use among ghetto youths. Thought it glamorized ghetto life and distracted from struggle.

31
Q

What did the ‘The Conversation’ (1974) explore?

A

Explored privacy and responsibility issues facing a surveillance expert. Released around the time of Watergate.

32
Q

What did ‘All the President’s Men’ (1976) explore?

A

Story of the Washington Post reporters who exposed the scandal

33
Q

What are examples of escapist films?

A
  • American Graffiti (1973) and Grease (1978) looked back affectionately at teenage life of the 1950s
  • SciFi films like Star Wars (1977) were also popular
34
Q

What is an example of contradictions in film and TV escapism?

A
  • Starsky and Hutch (1975-79) TV series was a popular crime show.
  • Little House on the Prairie (1974-83) series of an idealised family.
35
Q

What inspired the expansion in investigative journalism?

A

Inspired by Vietnam and the credibility gap of LBJ. The exposure of WG made Washington Post reporters Woodward and Bernstein national heroes.

36
Q

What happened when CBS (1968) expanded?

A

Viewing figures rocketed - showed hidden camera and gotcha journalism. Critics attacked the programme as breeding a cynical attitude to national life and politics.

37
Q

Why was Happy Talk in news media criticised?

A

Meaningless comments inserted into news programmes - people thought newsmen were becoming personalities and chosen for their looks and banter rather than news ability

38
Q

How did women become more prominant in news media?

A

NOW campaigned for more women on TV - Barbara Walters joined ABC Evening News in 1976

American History, 1955-1992 (16 decks)

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