Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

American History, 1955-1992 > Topic 2 - C1 - Civil Rights > Flashcards

Topic 2 - C1 - Civil Rights Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® U.S. History flashcards European History 101 flashcards AP® European History flashcards AP® World History flashcards World History 102 flashcards U.S. History 102 flashcards World History 101 flashcards U.S. History 101 flashcards
1
Q

What did the 1964 CRA do?

A

Gave legal power to end de jure segregation in the South. Racial discrimination no longer permitted by the law.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When did public transport, hospitals, privately owned theatres, libraries, restaurants, gas stations and hotels have to be desegragted by?

A

By 1965

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What did the 1964 CRA also forbid?

A

Forbade discrimination in employment on grounds of race, religion and sex and established an Equal Employment Commission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why was the 1964 CRA passed?

A
  • Activism of CR orgs like NAACP, SCLC, CORE and SNCC
  • Sympathetic response of Northern whites
  • Feeling that it would be a tribute to assassinated JFK
  • LBJ’s commitment to CR and persuasion of congress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How much progress towards degsegregation was made in southern schools from 1968-1973?

A

68% southern black school children still attended segregated schools in 1968. Approx 50% attended segregated schools in 1973.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why was the Selma campaign established in March 1965 and why did it take place in Mississippi and Alabama?

A

White racists maintained even stricter control than in other southern states. Selma, Alabama had a population of 29,000 - half was black. Only 23 registered black voters.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why did MLK want to provoke sheriff Jim Clark in the selma campaign?

A

Knew sheriff Jim Clark would react violently while protesters would be instructed to be non violent, aimed to expose white brutality to force voting rights legislation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How were protestors treated in the selma campaign?

A
  • White threw venomous snakes at blacks trying to vote
  • A trooper shot a youth trying to shield his mother from a beating
  • Sheriff Clark clubbed a black women
  • MLK jailed
  • Attacked with tear gas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What did the 1965 Voting Rights Act do?

A

Disallowed literacy and constitutional interpretation tests that Southern white registrars used to stop blacks voting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

By 1968, what impact had the VRA had?

A
  • 59% of Mississippi’s black population could vote

- Number of blacks elected to office increased by 6X between 1965-68

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

By 1980, what impact had the VRA had?

A
  • Number of black elected to office then doubled between 1969-1980
  • Charles Evers became first black man to be elected as mayor of Fayette in Mississippi in 1969
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What were the problems in ghettos?

A
  • Poor housing, white prejudice made it hard for blacks to leave
  • Poor Q education made it hard to break out of poverty cycle.
  • Policemen tended to be white and racist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What inequalities existed in eduacation in the 1960s?

A

Early 1960s - 32% of black students graduated from high schools compared to 56% whites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What inequalities existed in unemployment in the 1960s?

A

Blacks contributed to 11% of US but 46% of unemployed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What were the Watts riots of 1965?

A
  • Black mobs crying ‘Long Live Malcolm X’ set fire to blocks of stores in Watts
  • MLK saw it as a class revolt between privileged and underprivileged
  • Defined freedom as economic equality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why was the Chicago campaign set up in 1968?

A
  • De facto segregation continued in ghettos
  • Thought CRA wasn’t achieving quick results
  • Wanted to promote NVDA to prevent the turn to violence which would alienate whites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why was Chicago chosen out of all areas with ghetto problems?

A

Chicago had population of 3 million - 700,000 blacks who suffered unemployment, housing and education problems in ghettos.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What did MLK do during the Chicago campaign?

A
  • MLK became a ghetto resident from July to Sept 1966 - found family relationship deteriorated
  • Drew attention to appalling conditions and led reporters into rat infested ghetto apartments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where did MLK lead marches in the Chicago campaign and what impact did it have?

A
  • Led marches into white districts where blacks couldn’t buy homes but met with violence and abuse
  • After 2 months, Mayor Daley made an agreement with MLK but eventually went back on it once MLK left
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why did protesters struggle to get support from Northern whites in the Chicago campaign?

A

They sympathised with Chicago whites as they knew that if blacks moved there then schools would receive less funding and house prices would drop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why was helping ghettos seen as undesirable?

A

Helping ghettos seen as undesirable as it cost the taxpayer money

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why could the Chicago campaign be seen to lack significance?

A
  • Achieved little - alienated whites
  • Despite $4million grant for Chicago housing - blacks still felt hopeless
  • Many blacks turned to black power movement
  • 1968 MLK assassinated by a white racist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the praises for MLK?

A
  • Played key role in demise of de jure segregation in the south through protests, inspiration and organisation
  • Good rhetorical skills and ability to inspire helped ensure success at Montgomery
  • Willing to be led and could lead well
  • Successfully exploited white violence and exposed it through the media
  • Birmingham campaign and March on Washington in 1963 helped pass CRA
  • Selma campaign helped passage of VRA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the criticism of MLK?

A

SCLC poorly organised and ineffective at first, associated with taking too much credit and being involved in scandals like affairs and using prostitutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What did NAACP leader Roy Wilkins think of MLK?

A

Felt that MLK took too much credit. MLK failed to achieve anything in Chicago. After 1965, Congress did little more to help CRM.

26
Q

What is an example of presidents like LBJ and RN supporting affirmative action to combat discrimination in employment and higher education?

A

Nixon’s Philadelphia Plan (1969) pressed companies to ensure non discriminatory employment practices

27
Q

What act was passed as a direct response to the assassination of MLK?

A

Fair Housing Act passed in 1968 - prohibited racial discrimination in the sale or rental of urban housing but white resistance made it difficult to enforce

28
Q

What happened to SNCC after MLK was assassinated?

A

SNCC lacked leadership without MLK but continued to work effectively at a local level

29
Q

What impact did MLK’s assassination have in 1968?

A

Provoked major riots in over 100 cities, 46 people died, 3000 injured and 27,000 arrested. $45 million worth of property damage, encouraged followers of Black Power

30
Q

What is Malcolm X’s background?

A
  • Born to struggling family in 1925
  • Told his ambition to be a lawyer was unrealistic because he was a ‘nigger’
  • Left school at 14 and became a drug dealer = put in prison 1946
  • Joined NOI in jail
31
Q

What do the beliefs of the Nation of Islam consist of?

A
  • Allah originally created people black
  • The evil scientist Yakub created other races
  • Whites would rule the world until Allah returned
32
Q

What did the NOI aim to achieve?

A
  • Wanted separation of blacks and whites
  • Black economic independence through growing food etc
  • Pride in black culture and history
  • Religious commitment without alcohol or extramarital sex
33
Q

How did Malcolm X gain national attention?

A

Malcolm became a minister of NOI and gained national attention through TV documentary ‘The Hate that Hate produced’ (1959)

34
Q

What impact did the NOI have?

A
  • Increased divisions between blacks and whites and among blacks as he attacked MLK’s willingness to live among whites
  • Contributed to the rise of the Black Power movement
35
Q

What methods did Malcolm X use to achieve his aims?

A
  • Used sermons, speeches and writings to advertise problems and encourage change
  • Generated fear among whites which may have helped passage of CRA
  • Drew early attention to Northern ghetto problems
  • Mocked non violence
36
Q

What is the significance of Malcolm X?

A
  • Malcolm never on the front line of protests like MLK
  • Contributed to black pride
  • Inspired black power
37
Q

What was Black Power?

A

Whites associated black power with violence but it meant social, political and economic independence and black pride. Developed due to poor housing, poverty, poor schools, discrimination and police brutality.

38
Q

What influenced Black Power?

A
  • Influence by Malcolm X
  • Thought NAACP and SCLC were too slow
  • SNCC and CORE became disillusioned by slow progress and by the lack of protection for the Mississippi Freedom Summer
39
Q

What was the Meredith March, 1966?

A

James Meredith - first black American to enter uni of Mississippi. 1966 - planned to march through Mississippi to encourage black voter registration - shot by a white man and hospitalised

40
Q

How did Carmichael’s SNCC and MLK’s SCLC resond to the hospitalisation of Meredith?

A

Carmichael’s SNCC and King’s SCLC took up the march - Carmichael arrested for putting up a tent in a field. SCLC chanted ‘Freedom Now’ SNCC chanted ‘Black Power’

41
Q

What did the Meredith march expose?

A

Drew national attentions to divisions in the CRM. Carmichael had insisted on the exclusion of whites from the march but MLK didn’t agree. Gave the phrase BP national prominence.

42
Q

What did Stokely Carmichael set out in his book Black Power (1967)?

A

The aims of BP movement. Stated that non violence was pointless and urged blacks to reject interracial protest. Envisaged eventual integration but only when they were equal.

43
Q

When did the Black Power movement gain publicity?

A

At the 1968 Mexico Olympics. Whilst the US national anthem was played, athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos gave the Black Power salute.

44
Q

Who founded the Black Panther Party in 1966 and what did they represent?

A

Huey P Newton and Bobby Seale - called themselves ‘the heirs of Malcolm X’. Wanted full employment, decent housing, education that teaches true black history and an end to police brutality.

45
Q

What ghetto programmes did the Black Panthers set up?

A

40 clinics advising on health, welfare and legal rights. Ran breakfast programmes for poor black schoolchildren and raised awareness of sickle cell anaemia which disproportionately affected black people.

46
Q

What did the Black Panthers do to generate black pride?

A

1969 - Black Panthers set up their first liberation school for black children in Berkeley. Schools designed to generate knowledge and pride in black culture and history.

47
Q

How did the Black Panthers try to combat police brutality?

A

Stockpiled weapons for self defense and tailed police with the hope of exposing police brutality. 1967 - Black Panthers surrounded and entered the California state legislature to protest repressive legislation.

48
Q

How did police respond to the Black Panthers?

A

Their actions antagonised the white authorities and BPs were targeted by the police and the FBI.

49
Q

What was the case of the Chicago Eight after Black Panthers anatagonised white authorities?

A

Arrested for conspiring to incite a riot at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago 1968. Bobby Seale was jailed and left BPs once released in 1974. Newton fled to Cuba to avoid arrest

50
Q

What decreased the influence of the Black Panthers?

A
  • Opposition from the police and Nixon

- Seen as a temporary phenomenon

51
Q

What was the significance of the Black Panthers?

A
  • Popular in the black community.
  • Approval rating of NAACP among black population dropped from 80% in 1963 to 20% in 1969.
  • Helpful in their practical contributions of health clinics and breakfasts for the poor.
52
Q

Why did Black Power decline?

A
  • Poorly organised
  • Sexist and alienated female supporters
  • Lost white liberal funding that supported the SNCC and the CORE before their switch to radicalism
  • Attracted the hostility of white authorities
  • Leaders were divided over tactics, such as the use of violence. Controversial figures like serial rapist Eldridge Cleaver lost the party support.
  • By 1970 most of the leadership had been killed, imprisoned or in enforced exile like Cleaver. The party disbanded in 1977.
53
Q

What was the significance of black power?

A
  • Contributed to growing black pride
  • Encouraged college courses on black history and culture
  • Failed to solve ghetto problems
  • Whites perceive it to be violent
  • Inspired native Americans and women as well as hispanic Americans
54
Q

Why did Cesar Chavez become an activist?

A

1968 80% of Mexicans lived in urban ghettos = high unemployment, segregated schools, poor housing and police discrimination

55
Q

What is the significance of the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)?

A
  • Didn’t gain that much support
  • Mexican Americans poorly educated, not US citizens so avoided organisations like LULAC and hoped for eventual return to Mexico
56
Q

What problems did Mexian Americans face?

A
  • Many illegal immigrants fearful of being sent back to Mexico and even greater poverty
  • California’s San Joaquin Valley - rich farming area where migrant Mexican American farmworkers earned the minimum wage or less for planting and harvesting the vegetables and fruits that fed America
  • Their health was jeopardized by the powerful disinfectants and had no legal protection and were not voters
57
Q

What action did the United Farm Workers get involved in?

A
  • 1965 Joined a strike started by Filipino farm workers against California’s San Joaquin Valley grape growers.
  • 1966 Non violent demonstrations - 300 mile march to the capital with banners showing pride in Aztec and Catholic culture
58
Q

What was the biggest protest the UFW took part in?

A
  • 1966 - white MC liberals such as Senator Robert Kennedy - UFW organised a national boycott of table grapes, supported at its peak by 17 million Americans
  • 1970 - grape growers agreed to sign union contracts - short lived triumph.
59
Q

Why did the UFW grape boycott have limited impact?

A

Grower opposition, mechanisation and rising immigration weakened the UFW so that by the late 1980s, members only harvest 10% of their grapes

60
Q

Why was Chavez seen as a hero and compared to MLK?

A
  • Contributed to the eventual passage of exceptionally worker friendly legislation in California
  • Helped galvanise Mexican Americans and immigrants into activism
  • Stimulated Mexican CR movement and gave them ethnic pride and purposefulness. Led to greater attention to Mexican American needs.

American History, 1955-1992 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions