Topic 3: Blood vessels, respiration, breathing, ATP and ADP Flashcards
What are the components that are present in blood plasma?
Water: solvent for carrying substances
Salts; osmotic balance, pH buffering and regulating membrane permeability
Plasma proteins; osmotic balance, pH buffering, clotting, immunity
Other dissolved substances; nutrients, waste products (urea), gases (CO2), hormones
What are the cellular elements in blood
Erythrocytes (RBC) transport oxygen.
Leukocytes (WBC) defence and immunity
Platelets - blood clotting
What are the four parts of an artery/vein
Lumen
Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa
Difference between the lumen in an artery and a vein
Lumen is smaller in the artery than it is in the vein
Diff. between the tunica media in artery vs vein
Artery- thicker and helps maintain high blood pressure, thicker layer of muscle cells so they can withstand high pressure -> blood leaves the heart under high pressure
Vein -thinner and less elastic, no need for thick muscular and elastic layer in veins as they don’t have to withstand pressure, thin layer of collagen and elastic fibres
Diff. between the tunica external in artery vs veins
artery - Tough outer layer of collagen and connective tissue
Veins - thick, tough layer of collagen and connective tissue
Do artery carry blood away or towards the heart?
Away at very high pressure
What do the walls of artery do?
Under high pressure the wall of artery is pushed outwards, widening the lumen and stretching elastic fibres. When pressure falls at the end of a heart beat (diastolic pressure) the elastic fibres recoil and squeeze blood in lumen pushing the flow forward.
What are the adaptions of capillaries?
Connects arteries w/ veins, responsible for the exchange of materials between blood and internal/external environment. One cell thick - coated w/ thin protein gel (basement membrane) which acts as a filter for substances. Pores allow part of blood plasma to leak out through basement membrane - larger proteins and blood cannot leave
What are the adaptions of veins?
Collects blood from organs and transports blood from capillary networks back to heart. Under low pressure, blood drains out continuously from capillaries. Valves prevent back flow - blood gets caught in flaps of pocket valve which fills with blood, blocking lumen as blood flows towards heart it pushes flaps to the side opening the valve. Blood flow in veins is assisted by gravity and pressure exerted by muscle contraction. When muscles contract they squeeze adjacent veins like a pump.
Pressure changes in blood vessels
Blood leaving heart into arteries is under high pressure, travels in waves or pulses following each heartbeat. Once blood has reached capillaries it is under much lower pressure, no pulse. Pressure is almost 0mm by the time it reaches the veins
Velocity Changes in blood vessels
Blood travels very quickly through arteries, reaches low speed in capillaries, when blood reaches veins the speed inc.
Pulse rates
pulse rates can be measured by using the wrist, neck or digital devices. Every time heart beats a wave of blood under pressure passes along arteries - can be felt as a pulse.
What is Coronary heart disease?
Directly from the aorta two arteries branch off to supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients; blockages in the coronary arteries leads to an occlusion of the blood vessels. Narrow or blocked by deposits of fat - made up of lipids or cholesterol.
Consequences of coronary heart disease?
Restricted blood flow, langina, risk of blood clots if calcium salts deposit in atheroma the artery hardens. blood clots can entirely block flow of blood to heart muscle
Causes of coronary heart disease?
Blood clots that occlude blood flow. Hypertension- raised blood pressure inc. chance of blood clot formation. Genetics - linked to mutations. Unhealthy lifestyle habits. Diet rich in cholesterol and saturated fats. Smoking. Stress.
What are four properties that gas exchange surfaces share?
Permeable; oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse across freely.
Large: total surface area is large in relation to the volume pf the organism
Moist: surface is covered by a film of moisture (terrestrial)
Thin: can diffuse across a short distance
What are the adaptions of alveoli for gas exchange?
Type 1 alveoli don’t do much as they are just there to form shape of the lungs; Type 2 pneumocystis. Type 2 secreted surfactant - phospholipid and protein film, reduces surface tension, prevents each Aeolus from collapsing. Alveoli increases surface area
What are the adaptions of bronchioles for gas exchange?
Small tubes that connect alveoli to trachea
What are the adaptions of capillaries for gas exchange?
Dense network surrounding each alveoli, one cell thick to shorten diffusion distance of gases.
True or False: diffusion can only happen if there is a conc. gradient.
TRUE
Why does carbon dioxide diffuse from blood to air?
lower conc. of co2 in the air.
What does constant movement of blood through capillaries bed ensure?
a low conc. of oxygen, as blood enriched with oxygen immediately moves away
Describe the difference between breathing in and out in conc. gradients
When breathing in there is a higher conc. of oxygen than there is CO2 due to taking in oxygen by breathing in air, there is a lower conc. of co2. When exhaling there will be a lower conc. of oxygen due to it being transferred into cells and other parts of the body. During breathing out there will be a higher conc. of carbon dioxide due to it being produce of gas exchange and due to it being a product of gas exchange and due to it being a waste product it will be transferred into the blood ready to be escorted out of the body.
Concentration gradients in fish
Flow of water across the gills ensures high conc. of oxygen and low conc. of carbon dioxide outside of gills
What is ventilation?
movement of air into and out of the lungs in two stages (inspiration and expiration) carried out by the movement of the diaphragm, ribcage, abdominal and intercostal muscles.
What is inhalation?
Contraction of external intercostal muscles moves the ribcage upwards and outwards which causes the diameter and volume of thorax to inc. Diaphragm moves downwards when it contracts, lengthens the cavity within the thorax. Volume of the thorax inc. resulting in pressure in the lungs decreasing below atmospheric pressure. Air enters lungs as atmospheric pressure is greater.
What is exhalation?
Diaphragm external intercostal muscles relax whilst internal intercostal muscles contract. Ribcage moves downwards and inwards. Diaphragm relaxes. Diameter of thorax decreases. Resulting in an inc. in pressure in the lungs compared to the atmospheric pressure. Air leaves the lungs - which deflates.
What is vital capacity?
Sum of inspiratory, expiratory reserve volume and tidal volume.
What is tidal volume?
volume of air breathed in or out during typical cycle when at rest
Inspiratory reserve volume?
Max vol. of air that a person can breathe in
Expiratory reserve vol.?
Max vol. of air that a person can breathe out.
What is the full name for ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate (nucleotide produced during respiration)
What does Adenosine triphosphate do?
Directly duels many biological reactions and stores chemical. It cannot pass through cell membranes. Water soluble- reactions happen in cytosol. Releases energy in small manageable quantities by hydrolysing ATP into ADP. Third phosphate group is easily removed and attached.
What is hydrolysis?
Water breaks bonds to make a molecule smaller
What are some life processes that require ATP?
Synthesising macromolecules, active transport, movement
What types on energy can ATP be converted into?
ELectrical energy - during transmission of nerve impulses.
Kinetic Energy - during muscle contractions
Light energy - when producing bioluminescence.
Heat energy - lost from ecosystem
What contains more chemical energy, ATP or ADP?
ATP
Energy transfers with ATP and ADP
ATP into ADP is hydrolysis.
ADP into ATP is condensation.
All forms of cellular respiration starts off with what process?
Glycolysis in the cytoplasm
What is glycolysis?
The initial stage of cell respiration. Enzymes catalyse reactions in the cytoplasm to leave 6 carbon molecules (pyruvate). Not all of the covalent bonds are broken therefore a small amount of energy is released. Happens in the cytosol. requires 2 ATP to break glucose, but 4 ATP produced at pyruvate. Net amount of 2 ATP
Only in Aerobic respiration: krebs cycle
When o2 is available the pyruvate is absorbed by the mitochondria. Krebs cycle turns the pyruvate into 2 carbon compounds. Reaction is called the link reaction and occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria.
Net gain of 2 ATP
Electron Transport Chain
Last stage of aerobic respiration, occurs in cristae of mitochondria
What is the total amount of ATP produced by aerobic respiration?
36-38 molecules of ATP
Use of oxygen in aerobic resp.
oxygen present
Use of oxygen in anaerobic
no oxygen present
Substrates used in aerobic resp.
glucose, proteins, fats
substrates used in anaerobic
glucose
waste products of aerobic
co2 and water
waste products of anaerobic
lactic acid
yield of ATP in aerobic
36-38 ATP
yield of ATP in anaerobic
2 ATP
word equation of aerobic
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
word equation of anaerobic
glucose -> lactic acid
How could cellular respiration be measured?
Respirometer - measures respiration rate, contains a sealed glass container with organism, an alkali to absorb CO2 , capillary tube containing fluid connected to container allowing the vol. of air inside the respirometer to be monitored
