Topic 3 Flashcards
What are the two type of cells?
Prokaryotic, eukaryotic
What is often prokaryotic?
Bacteria
What do prokaryotic cells not have?
Nuclei or membrane bound organelles
Features of prokaryotic cells
Ribosome, circular DNA, cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, unfolds in membrane, plasmid, capsule, polo, flagellum.
Are prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells larger?
Eukaryotic
Structure and role of mitochondria?
Cristae folds, matrix inside. Used for aerobic respiration.
Structure and role of nucleus?
Nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleolus, chromosomes. Synthesis of proteins.
Structure and role of nucleolus?
Dense within nucleus. Ribosomes are made.
Structure and role of rough endoplasmic rectillium.
Flattened membrane bound sacks with ribosomes attached. Proteins made an transported through endoplasmic rectillium.
Structure and role of ribosomes?
RNA and a protein. Protein synthesis.
Structure and role of smooth endoplasmic rectillium.
Flattened membrane bound sacks. Makes lipids and steroids.
Structure and role of Golgi apparatus?
Flattened membrane bound sacks, decreasing in size, vesicles. Modifies proteins and moves them into vesicles for transport.
Lysosomes structure and role.
Sacks of digestive enzymes, single membrane. Breaks down unwanted substances/structures.
Centriole roles and structure?
Hollow cylinder pairs, 9 microfibres each, forms spindle fibres.
What structures contain their own DNA?
Mitochondria, chloroplasts.
What is the process of making a protein?
DNA to tRNA to mRNA to ribosome, protein made,move through ER to get shape, vesicles formed, then fuses with Golgi apparatus, protein is modified, vesicles made, vesicles fuses with cell membrane, protein released. (Extra cellular eg enzyme)
How does the ovum move
Wafted along oviducts by ciliated cells and muscular contraction
What does the cytoplasm of the ovum contain?
Protein and lipid food stores for the embryo.
How do sperm get the energy to swim
A mitochondria inside
How to sperm move through the cell
Flagellum. muscular contraction. Chemicals released by ovum.
What is the acrosome reaction?
Acrosome swells and fuses with the surface membrane of sperm. It then releases digestive enzymes which breaks the zone pellucidia.
The acrosome is an example of what?
Lysosomes.
What is the cortical reaction?
The sperm fuses with and penetrates the cell membrane of the egg. The ovum releases chemicals which causes the zona pellucidia to thicken. This prevents other sperm from entering the egg.
What happens after the cortical reaction?
The sperm nucleus and the egg nucleus fuse to produce a fertilised egg.