Topic 1 Flashcards
How does smoking increase the chance of coronary heart disease? (4)
1) Carbon monoxide bonds to haemoglobin instead of oxygen, resulting in cell receiving less oxygen. To compensate the heart rate increases.
2) Nicotine causes adrenalin to be produced. This increases heart rate and causes vasoconstriction of the arteries. Overall blood pressure rises.
3) Chemicals in smoke damage the lining of the artery which triggers atherosclerosis
4) HDL levels reduce
How does exercise decrease the chance of CHD?
It prevents and reduces high blood pressure and raises HDL
What does exercise also decrease?
It reduces the chance of, and controls, Type II diabetes
How can jeans increase the risk of CHD
Some disorders such as (FH) causes mutations in the LDL receptors. These mutations results in LDL not being removed in the blood.
What is APOA? What happens when it’s faulty?
Protein in HDL that takes Cholesterol to the liver. Cholesterol isn’t removed, low HDL
What is APOB? What happens when it is faulty?
It moves cholesterol to cells. High LDL
What is APOE? What happens when it is faulty?
Remove excess cholesterol. Slower cholesterol reduction
How to reduce the risk of CVD?
Stop smoking, maintain blood pressure, low cholesterol, average BMI, exercise, no alcohol.
What are the three drugs taken for blood pressure?
ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, diuretics.
What do ACE inhibitors do?
Reduces the levels of the hormone that causes vasoconstriction. This causes more dilation which decreases blood pressure.
What do calcium channel blockers do?
Block the calcium channels in the muscle of the artery. This prevents constriction so blood pressure reduces.
What do diuretics do?
Cause the user to urinate more, this removes excess fluids and salts. This causes the blood plasma volume and cardiac output to decrease. This results in a lower blood pressure.
What does a statin do? Side effects?
Stops the enzyme that produces LDL. Tiredness, vomiting, diarrhoea, weakness.
What does aspirin do?
Reduce the stickiness of platelets, resulting in a lower chance of a blood clot forming.
What’s an alternative to aspirin?
Clopidogrel
How does warfarin work?
Lowers the levels of vitamin K. Vitamin K is needed for the clothing cascade to be completed.
What reaction joins monosaccharides?
Condensation
What is a saccharide?
A sugar unit
What are the values for mono, di and poly
1,2,many
What breaks up do saccharides and polysaccharides?
Hydrolysis
In a condensation reaction H2O is released. What molecules out of OH,OH,H,H does it come from?
OH-OH=H2O+O
What is the general formula of monosaccharides?
(CH20)n. Where n=number of carbons.
How fast are monosaccharides absorbed?
Very fast.
What is the structure of a saccharide?
Hexagon with 1 oxygen 5 carbon.From the far right carbon it goes H+OH,H+OH,OH+H,H+HO,H+CH2OH