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additional biology > Topic 3 > Flashcards

Topic 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Give examples of probiotic bacteria

A 
Bifidobacteria 
Lactobacillus (lactic acid bacteria)
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2
Q

What do prebiotics promote

A

The growth of good bacteria

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3
Q

What kind of bacteria do Probiotics contain

A

‘Good’

Live bacteria

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4
Q

Name the three different ways that fossils can be formed

A

Gradual replacement my minerals-teeth, shells, bones don’t decay easily so are replaced by minerals forming rock-like substances
Casts and impressions- organisms buried in soft material, which harder a around the organism as it decays
Preservation- places where no decay happens e.g glaciers too cold, amber no oxygen or moisture, peat Boggs to acidic

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5
Q

A limitation of using fossils for evidence

A

Records are incomplete as many organisms are to soft and don’t form fossils or are yet to be discovered or form fossils

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6
Q

What can fossils show

A

How long ago organism existed
What it looked like
How it evolved

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7
Q

Name the limb that shows evidence that all organisms evolved from the same ancestor

A

Pentadactyl limb

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8
Q

What do you measure the growth of of an organism in

A

Size -height, lengths, width or circumference
Wet mass
Dry mass

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9
Q

Name the three ways that growth happens

A

Cell differentiation
Cell elongation
Cell division

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10
Q

Name the difference between growth in animals and growth in plants

A

Animals stop growing at a certain age and only device cells when repairing after that and lose cell differentiation at young age
Plants continuously grow and continue to differentiate

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11
Q

What are tissues

A

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function

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12
Q

What are organs

A

A group of different tissues that work together to form a particular function

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13
Q

What are organ systems

A

A group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function

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14
Q

What are the role of read blood cells and the shape

A

Carry oxygen from the lungs to all cells in the body
In the lungs haemoglobin combines with oxygen through diffusion to form oxyhemoglobin
Reverse happens in body cells
No nucleus so more room for hemoglobin
Biconcave show for more surface area
Lack of iron in diet blood can’t carry enough O2= anaemia

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15
Q

What is the role of white blood cells

A

Defend against disease
Produce antibodies to kill unwanted organisms
Change shape to gobble up microorganism
Low white blood cell count= higher risk of infection
Too high= cause infection or lukemia

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16
Q

Function of platelets

A

Help blood clots

Stop blood poring out and microorganisms getting in

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17
Q

Function of plasma

A

Liquid that carries everything In the blood
Carries CO2
Pale yellow liquid
Carries waste products from liver to kidneys
Carries hormones

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18
Q

What are the three different types of blood vessels

A

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

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19
Q

What are arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart
Carry blood under high pressure
Artery walls are strong and elastic
And thick compared to lumen in the middle
Strong enough to carry blood at high pressure

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20
Q

What is the function of capillaries

A

Small
One cell thick- increases rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance to travel
Permeable walls
Supply food and oxygen and take away CO2

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21
Q

What is the function of veins

A

Take blood back to the heart
Don’t have thick walls because of low pressure
Bigger lumen to help the blood flow under low pressure
Calves to keep blood flowing in right direction

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22
Q

What is digestion

A

The breakdown of food into soluble products

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23
Q

Name two ways that the breakdown of food accrues

A

Mechanically by chewing

Digestive enzymes e.g carbohysrases, proteases, lipases

24
Q

What do carbohydrases break down and what do they break down into

A

Starch into sugar e.g amylase

25
Q

What is the role of proteases

A

To break down proteins into amino acids e.g pepsin

26
Q

What does lipase break down and what into

A

Turns fats into fatty acids and glycerol

27
Q

What accrues in the mouth to break down food

A

Saliva and physical real down of teeth chewing

28
Q

What happens in the oesophagus

A

Tube that takes food from mouth to stomach

Lined with muscles that contract helping the ball of food move down by peristalsis

29
Q

Name six parts of the digestive system

A 
Liver
Gall bladder
Stomach
Pancreas 
Small intestine
Larger intestine
30
Q

What does the liver of in the digestive system

A

Produces bile

31
Q

What does the bile in the liver do

A

Emulsifiers fats and neutralises stomach acids

32
Q

What is the role of the gall bladder

A

Bile is stored the released into the small intestine

33
Q

What does the small intestine do

A

Produce amylase, lipase and protease to complete digestion

When food is absorbed out of digestive system and into body

34
Q

What is the role of the stomach

A

Pummels food with muscular walls
Produces protease enzyme pepsin
Produces HCL that kills bacteria
Gives right PH for enzyme to work at PH2

35
Q

What is the role of the pancreas

A

Produces protease, amylase and lipase and releases them into the small intestine

36
Q

What is the role of the large intestine

A

Excess water is absorbed from food

37
Q

What kinds of foods can probiotics be found in

A

Yogurt, soya milk and dietary supplements

Already there or added by manufacture

38
Q

What do probiotics do

A

Help keep digestive system healthy and immune system strong

39
Q

What are prebiotics in

A

Carbohydrates we can’t digest e.g oligosaccharides

Naturally in leeks, onions and oats

40
Q

Why take prebiotics

A

Because there are not enough in normal diet so supplements containing prebiotics must be taken for good food supply for ‘good’ bacteria already in digestive system
Help promote growth in gut

41
Q

What do prebiotics help to do

A

Improve health of digestive system and strengthen immune system

42
Q

Where do stanol esters accure and what do they contain

A

In plants

Chemicals that lower cholesterol and reduce risk of heart disease

43
Q

Why and how are stanols chemically produces

A

Because stanols are only of small quantities in plants

Commercially produced using bacteria to convert sterols (fats found in plants) into stanols

44
Q

What are stanols and and who would take them

A

Yogurts/ dairy products and spreads

People worried about blood cholesterol levels these options

45
Q

When looking for evidence what steps are taken

A

Scientific study published in reputable journal
Written by qualified person
Sample of people tested/asked large enough for reliable results
Other studies finding similar results

46
Q

In the experiment of investigating the effect of different concentrations of digestive enzymes on a substrate e.g amylase concentration on digestion of starch what is used to model the gut and what are the positives and negatives

A

Pros
Like gut, only let’s small molecules through not bit ones
Cheaper, easier, less gross, than animal gut
Negatives
Not same, human gut=longer and massive surface area
-speed of absorption different

47
Q

What tests for starch

A

Iodine

48
Q

What tests for sugar

A

Benedicts solution

49
Q

Name the order of more sugar present for Benedict’s solution

A 
Blue
Green
Yellow
Orange
Brick red
50
Q

What does it show if the Iodine solution is orangey-brown

A

No starch ever present

Starch molecules to big to pass through busking tubing into water

51
Q

What does done solution show if changes from blue

A

Sugar is present in water
Starch broken down into amylase to sugar in Viking tube and smaller molecules small enough to pass through membrane into water

52
Q

What is peristalsis

A

Muscle tissue down digestive system

53
Q

What are the muscles in peristalsis and what are their used

A

Longitudinal muscles down length of gut= contractions run ahead to keep food in ball
Circular muscles in circles around gut= push food along gut
Job to squeeze food along-action of peristalsis

54
Q

What is the purpose of bile

A

HCL makes stomach acidic for enzymes in small intestine to work at
Bile=alkaline=neutralises-making conditions alkaline
Breaks down fats giving bigger surface area for enzyme lipase to work on= digestion quicker

55
Q

Where is villi found

A

Inside small intestine

Covered in millions of villi

56
Q

Name three features of villi that improves absorbing diffested food in blood stream efficient

A

Big surface area-absorbed quicker into blood

Single layer of surface cells-digested food diffuses quickly over short distance

Good blood supply via capillary network to assist quick absorption of digested food

additional biology (3 decks)

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