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Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do only plant cells have that human cells don’t

A

Rigid cell wall
Large vacuole
Chloroplast

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2
Q

What does the nucleus contain and what does it do

A

DNA that controls what he cell does

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3
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

Gel-like substance where most chemical reactions happen

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4
Q

What does the cell membrane do

A

Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

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5
Q

What is the mitochondria

A

Where most of reactions for respiration to take place, which releases energy needed for cells to work

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6
Q

What is the rigid cell wall made of and what does it do

A

Cellulose and gives support oft the cell

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7
Q

What does the large vacuole contain

A

Cell sap, weak solution of sugars and salts

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8
Q

What is chloroplast

A

Where photosynthesis occurs and contains green chlorophyll

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9
Q

What 4 things do both plant and animal cells have

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Mitochondria

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10
Q

Where is Chromosomal DNA found in a bacterial cell and what does it do

A

It is one long circular chromosome that floats in the cytoplasm
Controls cells activities and replication

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11
Q

What are plasmids (in bacterial cells)

A

Small loops of extra DNA that aren’t part of the chromosome
Contain genes for things like drug resistance
Can be passed between bacteria

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12
Q

What is flagellum (flagella) and what does it do in bacterial cells

A

Long, hairlike structure that rotates making bacteria move

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13
Q

What is a bacterial cell supported by

A

Cell wall

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14
Q

Name two types of microscopes

A

Light

Electron

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15
Q

Structure of DNA

A

Two strands coiled together in the shape of a double helix

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16
Q

Adenine and

A

Thymine

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17
Q

Guanine and

A

Cytosine

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18
Q

DNA Codes for

A

Proteins

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19
Q

DNA pairs are joined together by

A

Weak hydrogen bonds

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20
Q

What four people are responsible for the discovery of the structure of DNA

A

Franklin and Wilkins

Watson And Crick

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21
Q

How did Franklin and Wilkins discover the helical structure of DNA

A

By directing beams of x-rays onto crystallised DNA

Looked at patterns formed as x-rays bounced off

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22
Q

What did Watson and Crick do

A

Created a model fitting all together the structure of DNA including the base pairs A-T C-G

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23
Q

How do cells make proteins

A

By stringing amino acids together in specific orders

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24
Q

What are proteins made by

A

Ribosomes (organelles)

25
Describe the process of translation showing how proteins are made
DNA is to big to move out of nucleus which cells need to get the info from to give to ribosome in cell cytoplasm Does so using MRNA as the messenger (shorter single strand) DNA strands unzip and used as template to make MRNA, base paring ensuring complementary = TRANSCRIPTION MRNA molecules move out of nucleus and join ribosome Amino acids brought to ribosome that match MRNA code by TRNA Ribsomes stick amino acids together in chain =polypeptide(protein) following order of bases in MRNA =TRANSLATION
26
What is a mutation
A change in organisms DNA base sequence that could effect sequence of amino acids in protein Effecting shape and function there changing characteristics of organism
27
What three things can mutations be
Harmful Beneficial Neutral
28
Enzymes are
Biological catalysts
29
A benefit and negative of enzymes
They speed up both useful and non useful reactions by increasing temperature
30
All enzymes are
Proteins | Work inside and outside body
31
Examples of how enzymes work in and outside of cells
DNA replication Protein synthesis Digestion
32
A substrate is
A molecule that changes in a reaction
33
For an enzyme to work
The substrate must fit into the active site perfectly However enzymes have high specificity for their substrate "Lock and key" mechanism
34
Three things effecting enzymes
Temperature PH Substrate concentration
35
Optimum PH for enzymes
PH 7 | Except pepsin in stomach works best in acidic conditions PH2
36
What is the human genome project
Thousands of scientist collaborating to find every human gene 25,000
37
Positives of they an genome project
``` Medicine and forensic science Predict and prevent diseases New and better medicines Accurate diagnoses Improve forensic science ```
38
Negatives oft he human genome project
Not being perfect Increase stress (knowing susceptible to disease for young age) Gene-ism (pressure not to have children) Des criminality by employers and insurers
39
Describe the process of Genetic engineering
1) useful gene "cut" from chromosome using restriction enzyme 2) enzyme used to cut another chromosome and insert useful gene into another organism (genetically modified organism)
40
Three benefits of genetic engineering for humans
Reducing vitamin A deficiency -gold rice beta-carotene Produce human insulin- insulin gene injected into bacteria Increase crop yeild- GM resistant to herbicides
41
Long term concerns of Genetic engineering
Reduce biodiversity of weeds and flowers(wildlife) Not convinced are safe Fear of transplanted genes getting into environment e.g 'superweeds'
42
Mitosis makes new cells for
Growth and repair
43
Mitosis uses
Human body cells= diploid | One of each mother no father chromosome
44
Mitosis produces
Two identical cells to original
45
Mitosis is used in ......... reproduction
Asexual
46
Describe briefly the process of mitosis
1) cell not dividing, DNA spreads in long strings 2) cell devices and duplicates DNA, copies form x-shaped chromosomes each arm exact duplicate of other 3) line up in centre and cell fibres bull the apart to opposite sides of cell 4) membranes form around each cell becoming nuclei or 2 new cells 5) cytoplasm divides forming two diploid cells
47
Meiosis uses
Gametes Half usual number of chromosomes Ova and sperm
48
Meiosis is used in ......... reproduction
Sexual
49
Gametes are
Haploid
50
When two gametes join together they form the right number of chromosomes which is
Zygote- which are diploid and have the right amount of chromosomes
51
Three factors of meiosis
1) to make new cell with half number of chromosomes cell divides 2) only in reproductive organs 3) produce 4 haploid nuclei (chromosomes not identical)
52
Describe the processor of the first division in meiosis
DIVISION 1 1) cell duplicates DNA each arm exact copy of chromosome 2) chromosome pairs lime up centre of cell 3) cell fibres bull apart each cell one copy of each chromosome (M&F) 4) mixture of alleles creates variation in offspring
53
Describe the process of the second division in meiosis
1) chromosomes reline up in centre of cell and pulled apart | 2) 4 haploid gametes each with single set of chromosomes in it
54
Name three uses of cloning mammals
Storage organs for transplantation Study lead to greater understanding of embryo, age and age-related illness Preserve endangered species
55
Three issues with cloning mammals
'Reduce gene pool' fewer alleles in population Not live as long eg dolly 8 years 1/2 as long as normal Risks and problems with health
56
Describe the prices of stem cells
Fertilised egg divides by mitosis to produce bundle of cells Embryonic stem cells are all the same in embryo (undifferentiated) Divide to produce more stem cells or different types of specialist cells
57
Differentiation is
The process of stem cells becoming specialised. | Embryo developes recognisable human body with organs and systems
58
What is the difference between animal and plant stem cells
Animals look ability to differentiate at young age (adults only in bone marrow, not a versatile to differentiate as from embryos) Plants never lose ability
59
Ethical concerns of stem cells
Embryos shouldn't be used-potential life Aim of curing patients suffering more important than human life? Banned in some countries (strict guidelines in uk)

additional biology (3 decks)

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