Topic 3 Flashcards
Non dependent things but linked
Physical - water supply,housing
Social - family,friends,education
Psychological - happiness,security freedom
Economic - income, job security
Causes of regional inequalities
Residence - attract greater levels of investment leading to increase income and business
Ethnicity - discrimination reduces opportunities
Employment - formal and informal job
Education - levels
Land ownership - strongly linked inequalities in income and land
Causes of changes over time in percentages employed
Increasing mecahanisation in agriculture - decrease in jobs
Ppl moved to urban areas - find jobs in secondary and tertiary
Increasing mechanization and global changes - decrease in jobs
Technological improvements - increase in tertiary and quaternary
4 network flows
Tnc - large transnational coorperations
Trading blocs and growth of regional economics
Development of modern transport networks
Advances in IT
5 different network flows
Trade - transport of raw materials
Aid - economic either receiving or donating to developing countries
Labor - important to global economy
Foreign investment - direct or indirect business opportunities like shell oil in Niger
Information - fast data transfer and communication for global economy
Impacts of globalization on people
Gender gap - generally lower in more globalized countries
Skilled workers - benefit more than unskilled
Benefits and cost of local level globalization
Benefits - cheaper products,bigger export for domestic manufacturers, education + skills improved
Cost - small local business cannot compete with global companies, labor drain, cheap labor
3 levels of globalization
Local level
National level
International level
Benefits and cost of national level globalization
Benefit - higher income from tourism,ex/imports;improved health care;access to higher education
Cost - growth of urban slums,burning fossil fuels adds to global warming, some towns and cities benefit more from government policies
Benefits and cost of international level globalization
Benefits - skilled worked in demand and can move countries easily, higher levels of income,access to wide levels of skills
Cost - greater impact on developing countries increasing development gap, do not consider local or national identities
Impacts of globalization on countries
Benefits - tnc brings opportunities and money to emerging countries,increase level of development,host country’s infrastructure improved
Cost - tncs pay low wages and expect long hours,tncs are too powerful investment can disappear
Case study - tnc
Nike - country of origin USA
Vietnam
Benefit - pays higher wages than local firms,status of brand encourages other tncs to invest
Cost - child labor, poor working conditions,exploitations of workers
USA
Benefit - bigger profits made as manufacturing costs are lower,high level skills in design
Cost - indirect loss of jobs, balance of profit to cost isn’t passed onto the customer
Factors influencing the type of agriculture
Physical - temperature,growing season, precipitation
Human - tradition,transport,subsidies
Impacts of farming system
Monoculture - which reduce diversity because the animals have no access to a wide range of foods
Food webs are reduced
Reducing the amount of biomass
Case study extensive commercial pastoral sedentary farming
Characteristics - the fell,the intake,the inbye
Physical inputs - soils,relief,climate
Human inputs - machinery,labor,subsidies
Processes - monitoring sheep,lambing,dipping,shearing
Outputs - lambs are bred for meat,wool for shearing,mutton
Challenges - disease,lamb and wood prices
Causes of food shortages
Natural -flooding (crops cannot cope with being waterlogged) : drought
Human - war and conflict; rising food prices
Effects of food shortages
Undernutrition
Malnutrition
Rising food prices
Underemployment
Solutions to food shortages
Food aid - short or long term given to Ledc by government
Irrigation - artificial watering of crops
Genetically modified crops - altering genetic material of crop
Advantages/disadvantages of food aid
Advantage - Saves lives during in a crisis
Disadvantage - can increase dependence of ledc on food aid,reduce sales of crops grown by local farmers,expensive to transport
Adv/disadv of irrigation
Adv - increasing crop production in areas with low rainfall
Dis - loss of water through evaporation,increased salinity,increased pressure on water resources
Ad/dis of genetically modified crops
Ad - increases yield of crops
Dis - concerns about the impacts of the environment
Food shortages case study
Yemen - hot summers 40c there is little rainfall
Causes - conflict civil war since 2015,drought,pests,corruption,population increase
Effects - economic decline,80% below poverty line,50% of agriculture lost jobs
Solutions - unicef,Red Cross ; getting aid from other countries
High tech industry characteristics
Fastest growing industry
Manufacturing is mostly computer automatic
Most medc and NIC have at least one hub of high tech industry
Case study manufacturing
Location - Pakistani iron and steel industry
Input - iron ore,coke,limestone
Process - burning coke,heating ore to separate iron
Output - slag,cast iron
Impact - noise pollution from machinery, air pollution from burning iron ore
Changes to manufacturing and location over time
Raw materials
Rising costs
Transport
Competition
Technology
Human and economic factors to manufacturing
Capitals
Markets
Transport
Government influence
Labor force
Physical factors of manufacturing
Raw materials
Site
Climate
Energy
Water supplies
Energy source advantages and disadvantages (coal)
Ad - world reserves estimated to be 120 years, reliable and easy to produce energy,technology has enabled coal to be obtained more easily
Dis - non renewable,releases co2,heavy and bulky to transport
Energy source advantages and disadvantages (oil and gas)
Ad - reliable and easy to produce, efficient,not as harmful to the environment as coal
Dis - none renewable, oil spill damages environment,prices fluctuate rapidly
Renewable energy
Hydroelectric
Wave/tidal
Wind
Solar
Geothermal
Renewable energy advantages and disadvantages
Tidal energy
Ad - No greenhouse gas emissions,No air pollution,reliable
Dis - Expensive to build and maintain, Can affect marine ecosystems, Few suitable sites
Nuclear energy ad and dis
Ad - No greenhouse gas emissions,Efficient,easy to transport
Dis - Nuclear waste is radioactive and expensive to dispose of, Power stations are expensive, Risk of nuclear accidents
Why is water demand higher in medc
Improving living standards - people have more appliances/sanitation which use water
Increased use of water in leisure and tourism - water parks, golf courses
Increased urbanisation
Increasing industry - water is needed for the production of goods and energy production
Sources of water supply
Ground water
Surface water
Desalination
Case study water shortages
Spain - Agriculture uses 80% of the water available
Solutions - Ebro and Tagus-Segura Project,Completed in 1978, 60% of the water flowing into the Tagus is transferred
Issues - water transferred went to the tourist and leisure users not to small farmers,15% of the transferred water is being illegally used for leisure, Large commercial farms are benefitting more than small scale farmers
