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Bio - Drill Questions > Topic 3 > Flashcards

Topic 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the relationship between the size of an organism/structure and its SA:V ratio

A

As size increases the surface area to volume ratio decreases

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2
Q

How could a single celled organism be adapted to increase its ability to exchange gases?

A

By being flat long and with cell membrane projections

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3
Q

Name the structures in the tracheal system of an insect

A

Spiracles, trachea, tracheoles

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4
Q

Explain the counter current principle in fish gills

A
  • blood flows in the opposite direction to water
  • water always has a higher concentration of oxygen than blood
  • equilibrium never reached
  • Diffusion gradient maintained along the whole length of the gill lamella
  • Diffusion can happen all along the whole length of the gill lamella
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5
Q

Describe the path of an oxygen molecule from a chloroplast to the air

A

Thylakoid -> stroma -> cytoplasm -> cell wall -> air space -> stomata

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6
Q

Terrestrial insects and xerophytic plants have to balance which two opposing needs and so make structural and functional compromises?

A

Gas exchange vs water retention

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7
Q

Name the structures in the gross structure of the human gas exchange system- make sure you can label these on a diagram.

A
  • trachea
  • lung
  • bronchus
  • bronchiole
  • alveolus
  • diaphragm
  • rib cage
  • external/internal intercostal muscles
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8
Q

Describe the essential features of the alveolar epithelium as a surface for gas exchange

A
  • A single layer of flattened epithelial cells (the alveolar wall)
  • A single layer of endothelial cells (the capillary wall)
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9
Q

Describe the mechanism of inspiration and how this effects volume/pressure in the thoracic cavity.

A
  • external intercostal muscles contact pulling the ribs upwards and outwards whilst the internal intercostal muscles relax
  • the diaphragm muscle contracts pulling the diaphragm down so that it flattens
  • Both these actions increase the volume of the thoracic cavity
  • The pressure inside the lungs decreases below atmospheric pressure and air enters the lungs along a pressure gradient.
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10
Q

Describe the mechanism of expiration and how this effects volume/pressure in the thoracic cavity.

A
  • external intercostal muscles relax and internal intercostal muscles contract pulling the ribcage down
  • diaphragm muscles relax and the diaphragm moves upwards its dome shape
  • these actions decrease the volume of the thorax
  • the pressure inside the thorax increases above atmospheric pressure and air is forced out of the lungs
  • elastic recoil of the lung tissue helps to force air out of the lungs during expiration.
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11
Q

What is the formula for calculating pulmonary ventilation rate?

A

Pulmonary ventilation= tidal volume x ventilation rate.

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12
Q

Define digestion in a level language

A

Digestion is the process in which large molecules are hydrolysed by enzymes to produce smaller molecules that can be absorbed and assimilated.

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13
Q

For amylase, name the substrate, product and where it is found.

A

Starch is the substrate and it hydrolyses to maltose.
It is found in the salivary glands and the pancreas

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14
Q

For maltase, name the substrate, product and where it is found.

A

Maltose is the substrate and it hydrolyses to glucose
It is found in the ileum epithelium

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15
Q

For membrane-bound disaccharidases, name the substrate, product and where it is found.

A

Disaccharides are the substrate and they are hydrolysed into glucose.
They are found in the ileum epithelium.

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16
Q

For lipase, name the substrate, product and where it is found.

A

Triglycerides are the substrate and they hydrolyse into glycerol and fatty acids and monoglycerides .
They are found in the pancreas

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17
Q

For bile salts, what are they used for and where are they found.

A

Used for emulsification.
Found in the liver/gall bladder

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18
Q

For endopeptidases, name the substrate, product and where it is found.

A

Large polypeptides are the substrate and they hydrolyse into smaller polypeptides and peptides.
They are found in the stomach

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19
Q

For exopeptidase, name the substrate, product and where it is found.

A

Smaller polypeptides are the substrate and they hydrolyse into dipeptides and amino acids
They are found in the pancreas

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20
Q

For membrane-bound dipeptidases, name the substrate, product and where it is found.

A

Dipeptides are the substrate and hydrolyse into amino acids
They are found in the ileum epithelium.

21
Q

Describe the process of co-transport of glucose. (can use for amino acids or monosaccharides)

A

1) Sodium ions move into the epithelial cells down a concentration gradient.
2) To ensure this uptake continues it is essential to maintain a lower concentration of sodium ions in the epithelial cells than the lumen of the intestines
3) Therefore, when sodium ions enter the epithelial cells they are actively transported out of these cells and into the blood via specific carrier proteins. It uses a sodium potassium pump in which, the potassium ions move in an opposite direction to the sodium ions.
4) Sodium ions will now continue to diffuse into the epithelial cells from the lumen of the intestines through a carrier protein in the cell surface membrane known as a symport. Glucose moves through these symports with the sodium iOS (co-transport)
5) The glucose then passes into the blood capillary by facilitated diffusion through another specific channel/carrier protein.

22
Q

Sketch an oxygen association curve and explain what it shows: include the term higher/lower affinity, load, unload, partial pressure

A

for sketch look at T3DQ paper copy/google class
- Haemoglobin has a very high affinity for oxygen and quickly loads oxygen becoming 96% saturated in the lungs where the partial pressure of oxygen is high.
- At low partial pressures of oxygen in the tissues, haemoglobin unloads some of its oxygen to the rapidly respiring cells.
- The release of oxygen is increased due to the high carbon dioxide concentration in theses tissues

23
Q
A
24
Q

Explain what is meant by the cooperative nature of oxygen binding.

A

-The binding of the first oxygen molecule changes the tertiary/quarternary structures of haemoglobin.
-This uncovers a the binding site of the next haem unit allowing the next oxygen molecule to bind.

25
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A
  • The Bohr effect is due to the decrease in pH produced as carbon dioxide dissolves into the blood plasma to form an acid which increases the concentration of hydrogen ions.
  • It depresses the oxygen dissociation curve (moves it to the right) and haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen and dissociates more readily at the same partial pressure of oxygen
  • More oxygen is released to respiring tissues
26
Q

Describe the location and function of the right atrium and the coronary arteries.

A
  • coronary arteries lead into the heart muscle
  • the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body except the lungs via the vena cava
27
Q

Describe the function of the right ventricle

A

Contracts to move deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery leading to the lungs.

28
Q

Describe the function of the left atrium

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins

29
Q

Describe the function of the left ventricle

A

Contracts to move oxygenated blood into the aorta leading to the rest of the body/organ systems.

30
Q

Describe the location of the renal artery

A

Leads to the kidneys

31
Q

Describe the location of the renal vein

A

from the kidneys

32
Q

Describe the location of the hepatic artery

A

Into the liver

33
Q

Describe the location of the hepatic vein

A

From the liver

34
Q

Label a sketch of the gross structure of a the human heart

A

See paper copy/ Google classroom for answer

35
Q

Describe the pressure, volume and associated valve movements during a cardiac cycle to maintain a unidirectional flow of blood

A
  • The atria contract causing the pressure in the atria to be higher than the pressure in the ventricles.
  • Atrioventricular valves open
  • Blood moves from the atria to the ventricles
  • The ventricles contract and the atria relax
  • Causing the pressure in the ventricles to be higher than the pressure in the atria
  • Atrioventricular valves close
  • Pressure in the ventricles is higher than in the aorta/pulmonary artery
    -Semilunar valves open and blood leaves the heart
    -Ventricles relax and the pressure in the aorta/pulmonary artery is higher than the ventricles
    -Semilunar valves close and blood stops leaving the heart
36
Q

How does the structure of arteries differ in relation to their function?

A

They have a thicker wall and smaller lumen than veins. These contain more elastic fibres and more smooth muscle fibres.
They do not posses valves (except the aorta and pulmonary artery)
They transport blood at a higher pressure than veins and carry oxygenated blood (pulmonary artery does not)

37
Q

How does the structure of veins differ in relation to their function?

A

Veins carry blood under low pressure towards the heart.
The walls are thinner than arteries and contain less elastic fibres and smooth muscle.
The lumen is larger than in arteries so that even at low pressure, blood flows back to the heart at the same rate that it leaves along the arteries.
Contracting muscles in the legs and body press on the veins and squeeze the blood along .
Veins have semilunar valves at intervals, preventing backflow and ensuring blood travels in one direction towards the heart.

37
Q

How does the structure of aterioles differ in relation to their function?

A

They have a higher proportion of muscle tissue compared to elastic tissue. Muscles can contract to control blood flow by reducing the size of the lumen.

37
Q

How does the structure of capillaries differ in relation to their function?

A
  • The walls of the capillaries are one endothelial cell thick providing a very short diffusion pathway for the exchange of substances with tissues.
  • Gaps between the endothelial cells increase the permeability of the capillary
  • There are very large numbers of capillaries and they are highly branched giving a large surface area for exchange with tissues
  • The total cross-sectional area of capillaries is very high producing a large frictional resistance, reducing the rate of blood flow allowing more time for substance exchange.
  • Capillaries are close to cells to allow for a short diffusion pathway
  • Capillaries have a small diameter and red blood cells are squeezed flat against the wall reducing the distance for diffusion of oxygen.
38
Q

Sketch a diagram to explain how tissue fluid is formed and how it returns to the circulatory system.

A

See paper copy / google classroom

39
Q

What is the function of xylem vessels?

A

Transport of water and ions.

40
Q

How does a xylem structure enable their function?

A
  • tissue is dead, there are no cell contents
  • leaving hollow tubes so that there is minimal resistance to the flow of water and ions.
  • The cell wall is strengthened by lignin providing support and is impermeable to water
  • Cross walls are broken down completely to allow free flow
  • Have pits that allow water and solutes to move out.
41
Q

Describe the cohesion tension theory of water transport.

A
  • water lost from leaves due to transpiration
  • this lowers the water potential of leaf cells
  • water is pulled up the xylem which creates tension
  • water molecules stick together by hydrogen bonds (cohesion)
  • forming a continuous water column
  • adhesion of water molecules to the walls of the xylem.
42
Q

What is the function of phloem vessels?

A

Transport of photosynthetic products/ translocation

43
Q

How does the structure of phloem vessels enable their function?

A
  • Sieve elements are joined end to end to form sieve tubes
  • The end walls of sieve elements are known as sieve plates as they posses pores
  • Mature sieve elements do not posses a nucleus
  • The cytoplasm of the mature sieve elements contains few organelles
  • Next to each sieve element is a companion cell with a dense cytoplasm and many mitochondria.
44
Q

Describe the mass flow hypothesis.

A
45
Q

Describe the process of ringing and tracers.

A

1) Obtain to plants of the same species at similar stages of growth
2)The stem of one plant (A) is ringed whereas plant B is left intact as a control
3) A leaf below the ring is supplied with radioactive 14CO2
4) The plants are left for a few hours in sunlight
5) The transport of radioactively labelled photosynthetic products can be detected using autoradiography

46
Q

Explain how traces and ringing experiments provided evidence for the mass flow hypothesis.

A

The first experiments using ringing involved the removal of the trunk of the tree during the summer
A few months after ringing a slight swelling develops above the ring.
This swelling was linked to build up of of photosynthetic products from the leaves that were prevented from being transported past the ring due to the removal of the phloem.

Bio - Drill Questions (4 decks)

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