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bio year 1 booklet > topic 3 > Flashcards

topic 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Surface area to volume ratio

A

As size increases, ratio (of surface area to volume) decreases;
Comparison required, e.g., smaller organisms have a larger ratio

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2
Q

Insect – structural adaptations

A
  1. Tracheoles have thin walls so short diffusion distance to cells;
  2. Highly branched / large number of tracheoles so short diffusion distance to cells;
  3. Highly branched / large number of tracheoles so large surface area (for gas exchange);
  4. Tracheae provide tubes full of air so fast diffusion (into insect tissues);
  5. Fluid in the end of the tracheoles that moves out (into tissues) during exercise so faster diffusion through the air to the gas exchange surface;
    OR
    Fluid in the end of the tracheoles that moves out (into tissues) during exercise so larger surface area (for gas exchange);
  6. Body can be moved (by muscles) to move air so maintains diffusion / concentration gradient for oxygen / carbon dioxide;
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3
Q

Fish – structural adaptation

A
  1. Many lamellae / filaments so large surface area;
  2. Thin (surface) so short diffusion pathway;
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4
Q

Fish - Countercurrent mechanism

A
  1. Water and blood flow in opposite directions;
    Allow diagram showing counter-flow
  2. Blood always passing water with a higher oxygen concentration;
  3. Diffusion gradient maintained throughout length (of gill)
    OR
    Diffusion occurs throughout length of gill
    OR
    If water and blood flowed in same direction equilibrium would be reached
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5
Q

Gas exchange system

A
  1. Named structures – trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli;
  2. Above structures named in correct order
  3. Breathing in – diaphragm contracts and external intercostal muscles contract;
  4. (Causes) volume increase and pressure decrease in thoracic cavity (to below atmospheric, resulting in air moving in);
  5. Breathing out - Diaphragm relaxes and internal intercostal muscles contract;
  6. (Causes) volume decrease and pressure increase in thoracic cavity (to above atmospheric, resulting in air moving out);
    For thoracic cavity accept ‘lungs’ or ‘thorax’.
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6
Q

Inhalation mechanism

A
  1. Diaphragm (muscle) contracts and external intercostal muscles contract;
  2. (Causes volume increase and) pressure decrease;
  3. Air moves down a pressure gradient
    OR
    Air enters from higher atmospheric pressure
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7
Q

Lung gas exchange adaptation

A
  1. (The alveolar epithelium) is one cell thick;
    Reject thin membrane
  2. Creating a short diffusion pathway / reduces the diffusion distance;
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8
Q

Leaf adaptations for gas exchange

A
  1. (Carbon dioxide enters) via stomata; Reject stroma
  2. (Stomata opened by) guard cells;
  3. Diffuses through air spaces;
  4. Down diffusion gradient;
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9
Q

Haemoglobin structure and binding

A
  1. Binding of first oxygen changes tertiary / quaternary (structure) of haemoglobin;
  2. Creates / leads to / uncovers second / another binding site
    OR
    Uncovers another iron / Fe / haem group to bind to;
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10
Q

Bohr shift

A

1.   Increases/more oxygen dissociation/unloading
OR
Deceases haemoglobin’s affinity for O2;
2.   (By) decreasing (blood) pH/increasing acidity;

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11
Q

Oxygen dissociation (shift to left)

A
  1. lower affinity for O2 at low partial pressures;
    OR
    lower affinity for oxygen at pp found in tissues;
  2. Easier unloading of O2 ;
  3. For aerobic respiration at the tissues/muscles/cells
    OR
    Anaerobic respiration delayed at the tissues/muscles/cells
    OR
    Less lactate at the tissues/muscles/cells;
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12
Q

Oxygen dissociation – high metabolism organism

A
  1. Curve to the right so lower affinity / % saturation (of haemoglobin);
  2. Haemoglobin unloads / dissociates more readily;
  3. More oxygen to cells / tissues / muscles;
  4. For greater / more / faster respiration;
    Idea of a higher rate of respiration
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13
Q

What is digestion?

A
  1. Hydrolysis (of);
  2. (Large / insoluble substances) to small(er) / soluble substances;
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14
Q

Starch digestion

A
  1. Maltose;
  2. Salivary amylase breaks down starch
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15
Q

Protein digestion

A

1.   (Reference to) hydrolysis of peptide bonds;
2.   Endopeptidase act in the middle of protein/polypeptide
OR
Endopeptidase produces short(er) polypeptides/ increase number of ends;
3.   Exopeptidases act at end of protein/polypeptide
OR
Exopeptidase produces dipeptides/amino acids;
4.   Dipeptidase acts on dipeptide/between two amino acids
OR
Dipeptidase produces (single) amino acids

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16
Q

Lipid digestion adaptations – bile salts

A
  1. Small droplets have a larger surface area to volume ratio;
  2. More surface for lipase (to act), leading to faster digestion of triglycerides;
17
Q

Lipid absorption

A
  1. Micelles contain bile salts and fatty acids/monoglycerides;
  2. Make fatty acids/monoglycerides (more) soluble (in water) OR Bring/release/carry fatty acids/monoglycerides to cell/lining (of the iluem) OR Maintain high(er) concentration of fatty acids/monoglycerides to cell/lining (of the ileum);
  3. Fatty acids/monoglycerides absorbed by diffusion;
  4. Triglycerides (re)formed (in cells);
  5. Vesicles move to cell membrane;
18
Q

Golgi and lipid absorption

A
  1. Modifies / processes triglycerides;
  2. Combines triglycerides with proteins;
  3. Packaged for release / exocytosis
    OR
    Forms vesicles;
19
Q

Ventricular systole

A
  1. Atrium has higher pressure than ventricle (due to filling / contraction) causing atrioventricular valves to open;
  2. Ventricle has higher pressure than atrium (due to filling / contraction) causing atrioventricular valves to close;
  3. Ventricle has higher pressure than aorta causing semilunar valve to open;
    Points 1, 2 and 3 must be comparative: eg higher
  4. Higher pressure in aorta than ventricle (as heart relaxes) causing semilunar valve to close;
  5. (Muscle / atrial / ventricular) contraction causes increase in pressure
20
Q

Name the blood vessel that carries the blood to:
The heart
The kidneys
The lungs

A

Coronary arteries
Renal artery
Pulmonary artery

21
Q

Artery and arteriole structure

A

Elastic tissue
1. Elastic tissue stretches under pressure / when heart beats then recoils / springs back;
2. Evens out pressure / flow;
Muscle
3. Muscle contracts to reduce diameter of lumen / vasoconstriction / constricts vessel;
4. Changes flow / pressure;
Epithelium
5. Epithelium smooth;
6. Reduces friction / blood clots / less resistance

22
Q

Aorta structure to function

A
  1. Elastic tissue to allow stretching / recoil / smoothes out flow of blood / maintains pressure;
  2. (Elastic tissue) stretches when ventricles contract
    OR Recoils when ventricle relaxes;
  3. Muscle for contraction / vasoconstriction;
  4. Thick wall withstands pressure OR stop bursting;
  5. Smooth endothelium reduces friction;
  6. Aortic valve / semi-lunar valve prevents backflow
23
Q

Explain how the atrioventricular valve maintains a unidirectional flow of blood

A

1.   Pressure in (left) atrium is higher than in ventricle/B causing valve to open;
OR
(When) pressure above valve is higher than below valve it opens;
2.   Pressure in (left) ventricle/B is higher than in atrium causing valve to close;
OR
(When) pressure in below valve is higher than above valve it closes;

24
Q

Tissue fluid formation and high blood pressure

A
  1. High blood pressure = high hydrostatic pressure;
  2. Increases outward pressure from (arterial) end of capillary / reduces inward pressure at (venule) end of capillary;
  3. (So) more tissue fluid formed / less tissue fluid is reabsorbed.
    Allow lymph system not able to drain tissues fast enough
25
Q

Dissection safety

A

Use a sharp scalpel/scissors
Wash hands/wear gloves
Disinfect bench/equipment
Cover any cuts
Cut away from self/others/on a hard surface
Safe disposal

26
Q

Transpiration

A
  1. Stomata open and photosynthesis increases / transpiration increases;
  2. More water pulled up due to cohesion between water molecules / by cohesion tension;
  3. Water pulled up trunk / moves up at fast rate under tension;
  4. Sticking / adhesion (between water and) cells / walls / pulls xylem in;
27
Q

Factors affecting rate of transpiration

A

Light;
Humidity / moisture in air;
Air movement / wind;
Temperature;

28
Q

Xerophyte adaptations

A
  1. Hairs so ‘trap’ water vapour and water potential gradient decreased;
  2. Stomata in pits/grooves so ‘trap’ water vapour and water potential gradient decreased;
  3. Thick (cuticle/waxy) layer so increases diffusion distance;
  4. Waxy layer/cuticle so reduces evaporation/transpiration.
  5. Rolled/folded/curled leaves so ‘trap’ water vapour and water potential gradient decreased;
  6. Spines/needles so reduces surface area to volume ratio
29
Q

Translocation

A
  1. (At source) sucrose is actively (transported) into the phloem/sieve element/tube;
  2. By companion/transfer cells;
  3. Lowers water potential in phloem/sieve element/tube and water enters by osmosis;
  4. (Produces) high (hydrostatic) pressure;
  5. Mass flow/transport towards sink/roots/storage tissue;
  6. At sink/roots sugars are removed/unloaded;
30
Q

Evidence for mass flow

A

In support of mass flow hypothesis
1. phloem is involved;
2. respiration / active transport is involved (in flow / movement);
3. Because 4 °C / cooling reduces / slows / stops flow / movement;
4. The agar block is the source;
5. Roots are the sink;
Against the mass flow hypothesis
6. No bulge above ringing ;
7. No (role for) osmosis / hydrostatic pressure / water movement;
8. Movement could be due to gravity;
9. Roots still grow without (intact/functioning) phloem;
10. No leaves / sugars / photosynthesis to act as a source;

31
Q

heart rate equation

A

cardiac output ÷ stroke volume

bio year 1 booklet (5 decks)

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