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bio year 1 booklet > topic 1 > Flashcards

topic 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a monomer?

A

a smaller / repeating) unit / molecule from which larger molecules / polymers are made;

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2
Q

What is a polymer?

A

made up of many identical / similar molecules / monomers / subunits

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3
Q

Condensation reaction

A

joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the elimination of a molecule of water

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4
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involves the use of a water molecule

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5
Q

Bonds in:
Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
DNA

A

Ester = lipids
Peptide = proteins
Glycosidic = carbohydrates
Phosphodiester = DNA

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6
Q

Monosaccharides in
disaccharides:
Lactose
Sucrose
Maltose

A

Glucose and galactose = lactose
Glucose and fructose = sucrose
2 glucose = maltose

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7
Q

Alpha and beta
glucose structure

A

Structure: C6H12O6
Alpha: OH group below
Beta: OH group above

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8
Q

Comparing cellulose
and glycogen

A
  1. Cellulose is made up of β-glucose (monomers) and glycogen is
    made up of α-glucose (monomers);
  2. Cellulose molecule has straight chain and glycogen is branched;
  3. Cellulose molecule has straight chain and glycogen is coiled;
  4. glycogen has 1,4- and 1,6- glycosidic bonds and cellulose has only 1,4- glycosidic bonds;
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9
Q

Starch structure and
function

A
  1. Insoluble (in water), so doesn’t affect water potential;
  2. Branched / coiled / (α-)helix, so makes molecule compact;
    OR
    Branched / coiled / (α-)helix so can fit many (molecules) in small area;
  3. Polymer of (α-)glucose so provides glucose for respiration;
  4. Branched / more ends for fast breakdown / enzyme action;
  5. Large (molecule), so can’t cross the cell membrane
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10
Q

Cellulose structure
and function

A
  1. Long and straight chains;
  2. Become linked together by many hydrogen bonds to form fibrils;
  3. Provide strength (to cell wall).
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11
Q

Describe how an
ester bond is formed in a phospholipid
molecule.

A
  1. Condensation (reaction) OR Loss of water;
  2. Between of glycerol and fatty acid;
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12
Q

Unsaturated fatty
acids

A

Double bonds (present) / some / two carbons with only one hydrogen / (double bonds) between carbon atoms / not saturated with hydrogen;

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13
Q

Triglycerides
compared to
phospholipids

A
  1. Both contain ester bonds (between glycerol and fatty acid);
  2. Both contain glycerol;
  3. Fatty acids on both may be saturated or unsaturated;
  4. Both are insoluble in water;
  5. Both contain C, H and O but phospholipids also contain P;
  6. Triglyceride has three fatty acids and phospholipid has two fatty
    acids plus phosphate group;
  7. Triglycerides are hydrophobic/non-polar and phospholipids have
    hydrophilic and hydrophobic region;
    Accept ‘non-polar’ for hydrophobic and ‘polar’ for hydrophilic.
  8. Phospholipids form monolayer (on surface)/micelle/bilayer (in
    water) but triglycerides don’t;
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14
Q

Amino acid structure

A

H, NH2, COOH bonded to a central carbon and then a variable R group

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15
Q

Protein structure

A
  1. Structure is determined by (relative) position of amino acid/R
    group/interactions;
  2. Primary structure is sequence/order of amino acids;
  3. Secondary structure formed by hydrogen bonding (between amino
    acids);
  4. Tertiary structure formed by interactions (between R groups);
  5. Creates active site in enzymes OR Creates complementary/specific
    shapes in antibodies/carrier proteins/receptor (molecules);
  6. Quaternary structure contains >1 polypeptide chain OR Quaternary
    structure formed by interactions/bonds between polypeptides
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16
Q

Enzyme action

A
  1. Reduces activation energy;
    Accept ‘reduces E a ‘.
  2. Due to bending bonds
    OR
    Without enzyme, very few substrates have sufficient energy for reaction
17
Q

Enzymes and
temperature

A
  1. At low temperatures, molecules have less kinetic energy
  2. So less successful collision/less enzyme-substrate complexes form
  3. At higher temperatures (above optimum) denaturation is due to more
    (kinetic) energy;
  4. Breaks hydrogen / ionic bonds (between amino acids / R groups);
  5. Change in shape of the active site / active site no longer
    complementary so fewer enzyme-substrate complexes formed / substrate does not fit;
18
Q

Induced fit model

A
  1. Substrate is not complimentary to the enzyme active site.
  2. Active site alters shape to fit around substrate/forms an enzyme-
    substrate complex
  3. Bonds are stressed/bent
19
Q

Competitive inhibitor
action

A
  1. Similar shape to the substrate/complimentary to the enzyme active
    site
  2. Binds to active site
  3. So less enzyme-substrate complexes can form
20
Q

Non-competitive
inhibitor action

A
  1. Attaches to the enzyme at a site other than the active site;
    Accept ‘attaches to allosteric/inhibitor site’
  2. Changes (shape of) the active site
    OR
    Changes tertiary structure (of enzyme);
  3. (So active site and substrate) no longer complementary so less/no
    substrate can fit/bind
21
Q

DNA nucleotide

A

Deoxyribose Sugar, Bases GCAT, and Phosphate Group

22
Q

DNA replication

A
  1. Strands separate / H-bonds break;
  2. DNA helicase (involved);
  3. Both strands / each strand act(s) as (a) template(s);
  4. (Free) nucleotides attach;
  5. Complementary / specific base pairing / AT and GC;
  6. H-bonds reform;
  7. DNA polymerase joins nucleotides (on new strand);
  8. Reject: if wrong function of DNA polymerase
  9. Forming phosphodiester bonds
  10. Semi-conservative replication / new DNA molecules contain one old strand and one new strand;
  11. Reject: if wrong context e.g. new DNA molecules contain half of each original strand
23
Q

DNA polymerase
function

A
  1. Joins (adjacent DNA) nucleotides;
  2. (Catalyses) condensation (reactions);
  3. (Catalyses formation of) phosphodiester bonds (between adjacent nucleotides)
24
Q

DNA structure to
function

A
  1. Weak / easily broken hydrogen bonds between bases allow two strands to separate / unzip;
  2. Two strands, so both can act as templates;
  3. Complementary base pairing allows accurate replication
25
Q

Eukaryote DNA
compared to
prokaryote/mitochon
drial/chloroplast

A
  1. DNA shorter;
  2. Fewer genes;
  3. DNA circular not linear;
  4. Not associated with protein/histones, unlike nuclear DNA;
  5. Introns absent but present in nuclear DNA;
    Ignore references to double and single stranded DNA
26
Q

Starch test

A
  1. Add iodine / stain specific for starch to the slide / cells / tissue / add
    iodine / stain specific for starch and examine under microscope;
  2. Blue-black / blue / black / purple;
27
Q

Protein test

A
  1. Add biuret (reagent);
  2. (Positive result) purple/lilac/violet /mauve;
28
Q

Non reducing sugars
test

A
  1. Heat with acid and neutralise;
  2. Heat with Benedict's (solution);
  3. Red precipitate/colour;
29
Q

Reducing sugars
test

A
  1. Heat with Benedict (solution);
  2. Red precipitate/colour;
30
Q

Emulsion test

A
  1. Dissolve in alcohol (ethanol) , then add water;
  2. White emulsion shows presence of lipid.
31
Q

ATP synthase reaction

A

ADP + P i ⟶ ATP + H 2 O

32
Q

ATP compared to DNA
nucleotide

A
  1. ATP has ribose and DNA nucleotide has deoxyribose;
  2. ATP has 3 phosphate (groups) and DNA nucleotide has 1 phosphate (group);
  3. ATP - base always adenine and in DNA nucleotide base can be different / varies;
33
Q

Properties of water
and why they are
important

A
  1. A metabolite in condensation/hydrolysis/
    photosynthesis/respiration;
  2. A solvent so (metabolic) reactions can occur
    OR
    A solvent so allowing transport of substances;
  3. High heat capacity so buffers changes in temperature;
  4. Large latent heat of vaporisation so provides a cooling effect
    (through evaporation);
  5. Cohesion (between water molecules) so supports columns of water (in plants);
  6. Cohesion (between water molecules) so produces surface tension supporting (small) organisms

bio year 1 booklet (5 decks)

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