Topic 3 Flashcards
The first to provide an explanation for hereditary traits
Hippocrates
Hippocrates said that ________ are produced by all parts of the body and then collected and transmitted to the offsprings at conception
Seeds
He did the first systematic studies of genetic crosses. he proposes the blending hypothesis of inheritance
Joseph Kolreuter
This hypothesis states that the factor that dictates hereditary traits could blend together from generation to generation
Blending hypothesis of inheritance
He wrote the experiments on plant hybrid
Gregor Mendel
Who are the three scientist that rediscovered mendel’s hypothesis
Hugo De Vries
Curt Stern
Erich von Tschemak-Seysenegg
When two distinct individuals with different characteristics are bred or crossed
Hybridization
The offspring of hybridization is called
Hybrids
Why does gregor mendel use peas?
- Easy to grow
- Contain both male and female parts
- Usually self pollinate but can also be cross pollinated
- Possess several visible characteristics
- Each characteristic has two common values
Is the haploid reproductive cells that can unite to form a zygote
Gametes
Male gametes produced within pollen grains formed in the anther
Sperm
This is where pollen grain lands to stimulate pollen tube formation and for fertilization to take place
Stigma
It is an opening in the ovule wall where sperm enters to fuse with the egg
Micropyle
The pollen and eggs are derived from the same plant. It is also called selfing
Self-fertilization
It is a modified petal that covers the reproductive structures
Keel
True or false
Pollination usually happens even before the flower opens
True
General characteristic of an organism
Character
It is the variant or specific properties of a character
Traits
A variety that continues to produce the same characteristics after several generation of self fertilization
True breeding line
A trait does not vary in appearance from generation to generation
Breeding true
What are the seven characters of peas
Seed shape
Seed color
Flower color
Pod shape
Pod color
Flower position
Flower height
A cross in which only one character is observed
Single-factor cross
Single character height with the product of crossing to parents of different variants
Monohybrid
A quantitative analysis of process b uncover mathematical relationship that would otherwise be mysterious
It determine relationship that governs heredity traits
Empirical approach
These are laws that deduced from an empirical approach
Empirical laws
Expresses itself more strongly all by itself than any other variant or trait
Dominant
A variant or trait that is masked by the presence of a dominant but reappears in subsequent generations
Recessive
The genetic determinants or passed along as “unit factors” from generation to generation
Unit factors
It is not true that the genes that govern traits are inherited as discrete units that remain unchanged as they are passed from parent to offspring
Particulate theory of inheritance
He is the one who coined the word “gene”
Wilhelm Johannsen
It is a unit of hereditary that may influence the outcome of an organism traits
Gene
The different forms of the same gene
Allele
The two copies of a gene segregate from each other during transmission from parent to offspring
Mendel’s law of segregation
Individual that possesses two identical copies of a gene
Homozygous
An individual that carries different alleles of a gene
Heterozygous
A genetic composition of an individual
Genotype
An observable characteristics of an individual
Phenotype
Who invented the punnett square
Reginald Punnett
It predicts the outcome of simple genetic crosses and self fertilization experiments
Punnett Square
In olives the investigation of two different characters within the same groups of individual
Dihybrid cross
Other term for Dihybrid cross
Two-factor cross
Combination of traits were not found in the true-breeding plants of the P generation
It contradicts the linked assortment hypothesis
Nonparentals
Two different genes randomly assorts their alleles during the formation of haploid cells
Law of Independent Assortment
The expected outcome when heterozygous for two traits are allowed to self-fertilize
9:3:3:1
Two methods used when crossing three or more characters
Multiplication and Fork-Lined method
It is the result of three lines of scientific inquiry
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
The three lines of scientific inquiry in chromosomal theory of inheritance
- Mendel’s studies
- Biochemical basis of heredity
- Microscopic examination of the process of fertilization
Who are the two scientist that champion the biochemical basis of heredity
Carl Nageli
August Weismann
True or false
The law of segregation cannot be explained by the separation of homologs during meiosis
False - it can
True or false
The law of independent assortment is explained by the random alignment of homologous during meiosis
True
This happens when an offspring receives a combination of alleles that differ from those in its parents
Genetic recombination
The two mechanisms that can result to genetic recombination
- Independent assortment
- Crossing over
Charts representing family relationship. It is used to study traits and parental crosses
Family trees or pedigrees
An abnormalities of the pancreas intestine sweat glands and lungs.
Cystic fibrosis
A gene is on a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
Autosomal
Recessive genes are passed on to those that do not show the trait
Autosomal dominant
A metabolic disorder characterized
by skin blistering as a result of
increased sensitivity to sunlight.
Porphyria variegata
They do not exhibit the trait since
it is recessive but can pass it on
to their offspring if mated with a
heterozygote
Autosomal Recessive
Family history of affected
individuals usually reveal that
their parents are related
Consanguinity
most common
serious autosomal recessive
disorder in western Europeans
Cystic fibrosis
One of the original inborn errors
of metabolism
• One-quarter or more of the
parents were first cousins
(Bateson and Garrod)
Alkaptonuria
The pattern of inheritance shown
by genes that are located on
either of the sex chromosomes
(X, Y)
Sex-linked
Determined by a gene carried on
the X chromosome
• Usually manifests only in males
X-linked Recessive Inheritance
X-linked inheritance were
appreciated by the Jews nearly
2000 years ago because of what disease?
Hemophilia
Her carrier daughters introduced
the gene into Russian and
Spanish royal families
Queen Victoria
True or false
The disease must be recessive if any
affected individual has 2 unaffected
parents
True
True or false
The disease must be recessive if every
affected child of non-founding parents has an affected parent
False - dominant
An individual being studied or reported
on within the family tree
Proband
