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Genetics (lecture 3-4) > Topic 3 > Flashcards

Topic 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

The first to provide an explanation for hereditary traits

A

Hippocrates

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2
Q

Hippocrates said that ________ are produced by all parts of the body and then collected and transmitted to the offsprings at conception

A

Seeds

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3
Q

He did the first systematic studies of genetic crosses. he proposes the blending hypothesis of inheritance

A

Joseph Kolreuter

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4
Q

This hypothesis states that the factor that dictates hereditary traits could blend together from generation to generation

A

Blending hypothesis of inheritance

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5
Q

He wrote the experiments on plant hybrid

A

Gregor Mendel

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6
Q

Who are the three scientist that rediscovered mendel’s hypothesis

A

Hugo De Vries
Curt Stern
Erich von Tschemak-Seysenegg

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7
Q

When two distinct individuals with different characteristics are bred or crossed

A

Hybridization

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8
Q

The offspring of hybridization is called

A

Hybrids

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9
Q

Why does gregor mendel use peas?

A
  • Easy to grow
  • Contain both male and female parts
  • Usually self pollinate but can also be cross pollinated
  • Possess several visible characteristics
  • Each characteristic has two common values
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10
Q

Is the haploid reproductive cells that can unite to form a zygote

A

Gametes

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11
Q

Male gametes produced within pollen grains formed in the anther

A

Sperm

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12
Q

This is where pollen grain lands to stimulate pollen tube formation and for fertilization to take place

A

Stigma

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13
Q

It is an opening in the ovule wall where sperm enters to fuse with the egg

A

Micropyle

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14
Q

The pollen and eggs are derived from the same plant. It is also called selfing

A

Self-fertilization

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15
Q

It is a modified petal that covers the reproductive structures

A

Keel

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16
Q

True or false

Pollination usually happens even before the flower opens

A

True

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17
Q

General characteristic of an organism

A

Character

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18
Q

It is the variant or specific properties of a character

A

Traits

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19
Q

A variety that continues to produce the same characteristics after several generation of self fertilization

A

True breeding line

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20
Q

A trait does not vary in appearance from generation to generation

A

Breeding true

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21
Q

What are the seven characters of peas

A

Seed shape
Seed color
Flower color
Pod shape
Pod color
Flower position
Flower height

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22
Q

A cross in which only one character is observed

A

Single-factor cross

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23
Q

Single character height with the product of crossing to parents of different variants

A

Monohybrid

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24
Q

A quantitative analysis of process b uncover mathematical relationship that would otherwise be mysterious

It determine relationship that governs heredity traits

A

Empirical approach

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25
Q

These are laws that deduced from an empirical approach

A

Empirical laws

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26
Q

Expresses itself more strongly all by itself than any other variant or trait

A

Dominant

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27
Q

A variant or trait that is masked by the presence of a dominant but reappears in subsequent generations

A

Recessive

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28
Q

The genetic determinants or passed along as “unit factors” from generation to generation

A

Unit factors

29
Q

It is not true that the genes that govern traits are inherited as discrete units that remain unchanged as they are passed from parent to offspring

A

Particulate theory of inheritance

30
Q

He is the one who coined the word “gene”

A

Wilhelm Johannsen

31
Q

It is a unit of hereditary that may influence the outcome of an organism traits

A

Gene

32
Q

The different forms of the same gene

A

Allele

33
Q

The two copies of a gene segregate from each other during transmission from parent to offspring

A

Mendel’s law of segregation

34
Q

Individual that possesses two identical copies of a gene

A

Homozygous

35
Q

An individual that carries different alleles of a gene

A

Heterozygous

36
Q

A genetic composition of an individual

A

Genotype

37
Q

An observable characteristics of an individual

A

Phenotype

38
Q

Who invented the punnett square

A

Reginald Punnett

39
Q

It predicts the outcome of simple genetic crosses and self fertilization experiments

A

Punnett Square

40
Q

In olives the investigation of two different characters within the same groups of individual

A

Dihybrid cross

41
Q

Other term for Dihybrid cross

A

Two-factor cross

42
Q

Combination of traits were not found in the true-breeding plants of the P generation
It contradicts the linked assortment hypothesis

A

Nonparentals

43
Q

Two different genes randomly assorts their alleles during the formation of haploid cells

A

Law of Independent Assortment

44
Q

The expected outcome when heterozygous for two traits are allowed to self-fertilize

A

9:3:3:1

45
Q

Two methods used when crossing three or more characters

A

Multiplication and Fork-Lined method

46
Q

It is the result of three lines of scientific inquiry

A

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

47
Q

The three lines of scientific inquiry in chromosomal theory of inheritance

A
  1. Mendel’s studies
  2. Biochemical basis of heredity
  3. Microscopic examination of the process of fertilization
48
Q

Who are the two scientist that champion the biochemical basis of heredity

A

Carl Nageli
August Weismann

49
Q

True or false

The law of segregation cannot be explained by the separation of homologs during meiosis

A

False - it can

50
Q

True or false

The law of independent assortment is explained by the random alignment of homologous during meiosis

A

True

51
Q

This happens when an offspring receives a combination of alleles that differ from those in its parents

A

Genetic recombination

52
Q

The two mechanisms that can result to genetic recombination

A
  1. Independent assortment
  2. Crossing over
53
Q

Charts representing family relationship. It is used to study traits and parental crosses

A

Family trees or pedigrees

54
Q

An abnormalities of the pancreas intestine sweat glands and lungs.

A

Cystic fibrosis

55
Q

A gene is on a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

A

Autosomal

56
Q

Recessive genes are passed on to those that do not show the trait

A

Autosomal dominant

57
Q

A metabolic disorder characterized
by skin blistering as a result of
increased sensitivity to sunlight.

A

Porphyria variegata

58
Q

They do not exhibit the trait since
it is recessive but can pass it on
to their offspring if mated with a
heterozygote

A

Autosomal Recessive

59
Q

Family history of affected
individuals usually reveal that
their parents are related

A

Consanguinity

60
Q

most common
serious autosomal recessive
disorder in western Europeans

A

Cystic fibrosis

61
Q

One of the original inborn errors
of metabolism
• One-quarter or more of the
parents were first cousins
(Bateson and Garrod)

A

Alkaptonuria

62
Q

The pattern of inheritance shown
by genes that are located on
either of the sex chromosomes
(X, Y)

A

Sex-linked

63
Q

Determined by a gene carried on
the X chromosome
• Usually manifests only in males

A

X-linked Recessive Inheritance

64
Q

X-linked inheritance were
appreciated by the Jews nearly
2000 years ago because of what disease?

A

Hemophilia

65
Q

Her carrier daughters introduced
the gene into Russian and
Spanish royal families

A

Queen Victoria

66
Q

True or false

The disease must be recessive if any
affected individual has 2 unaffected
parents

A

True

67
Q

True or false

The disease must be recessive if every
affected child of non-founding parents has an affected parent

A

False - dominant

68
Q

An individual being studied or reported
on within the family tree

A

Proband

Genetics (lecture 3-4) (2 decks)

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