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Genetics (lecture 3-4) > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Structures found in living cells that contain the genetic material

A

Chromosomes

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2
Q

Leads to the production of two cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

A

Mitosis

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3
Q

Reduces the genetic content and number of chromosomes into half of the original

A

Meiosis

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4
Q

Defines the cell boundary and delimits the cell from its external environment

A

Plasma membrane

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5
Q

The cell wall of plants is made up of?

A

Cellulose

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6
Q

Provides biochemical identity at the surface of cells

A

Glycocalyx

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7
Q

Act as recognition sites that transfer specific chemical signals across the cell membrane to the cell

A

Receptor molecules

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8
Q

Have “true nucleus”

A

Eukaryotic

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9
Q

The entirety of the cell within the plasma membrane excluding the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

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10
Q

Support structure of cell, Maintains cell shape, facilitates mobility, anchors various organelles

A

Cytoskeleton

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11
Q

Serves as the site for fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis

A

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

Contains ribosomes

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

Where genetic information from mRNA is translated into proteins

A

Ribosomes

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14
Q

Performs ATP synthesis during cell respiration

A

Mitochondria

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15
Q

found in plants, algae and some protozoans; Performs photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast

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16
Q

Associated with the organization of spindle fibers that function in mitosis and meiosis

A

Centrioles

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17
Q

A field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination of chromosomes

A

Cytogenetics

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18
Q

An organized representation of chromosomes in a cell

A

Karyotype

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19
Q

It has two sets of chromosomes

A

Diploid cell

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20
Q

One-half of the diploid number

A

Haploid cells

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21
Q

A constricted region whose location establishes the general appearance of each chromosome

A

Centromere

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22
Q

What are the four classification of chromosomes based on the position of centromere

A

Telocentric
Acrocentric
Sub-metacentric
Metacentric

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23
Q

“petite” , shorter arm in chromosomes

A

p arm

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24
Q

longer arm below the centromere in chromosomes

A

q arm

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25
Q

Members of a pair of chromosomes

A

Homologs

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26
Q

True or False

Many bacteria and viruses have one chromosome

A

True

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27
Q

It mask the expression of recessive alleles

A

Dominant

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28
Q

Eye color; located in chromosome 15; results in blue or brown eyes

A

OCA2

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29
Q

True or false

The sequence of bases usually differs by less than 2%

A

False (1% only)

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30
Q

Carries the same allele

A

Homozygous

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31
Q

Carries different alleles

A

Heterozygous

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32
Q

Physical location of a gene

A

Locus

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33
Q

Inheritance from two parents. One set coming from the maternal parent and the other from the paternal parent

A

Biparental Inheritance

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34
Q

XX Chromosome

A

Female

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35
Q

XY Chromosome

A

Male

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36
Q

In ________________, the mother cell is one individual and the daughter cells are two new separate organisms

A

Unicellular organisms

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37
Q

A process that does not involve genetic contribution from two different gametes

A

Asexual reproduction

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38
Q

Produce two daughter cells that have the same number and types of chromosomes as the mother cell

A

Eukaryotic cell division

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39
Q

A series of phases that aims to divide eukaryotic cells

A

Cell cycle

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40
Q

Consist of the G₁, S and G₂ phases

A

Interphase

41
Q

Critical periods that involve many molecular changes

A

Gap phases

42
Q

Preparation to divide
May accumulate molecular changes and reach a restriction point that leads to cell division

A

Gap 1 phase

43
Q

True or False

In the case of terminally differentiated cells, they will never divide again

A

True

44
Q

When cells temporarily do not advance through the rest of the cycle

A

Gap 0 phase

45
Q

Chromosome replication

A

Synthesis (S) phase

46
Q

A group of proteins bound to the centromere and holds the chromatids together

A

Kinetochore

47
Q

Accumulation of materials necessary for nuclear and cell division

A

Gap 2 phase

48
Q

Distribute the replicated chromosomes, divide one nucleus into two, give each daughter cell the complementary chromosomes

A

M Phase (Mitosis)

49
Q

formation of two daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

50
Q

Structures found in eukaryotic cells from which microtubules originate

A

Microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs)

51
Q

formed from the rapid polymerization of tubulin proteins

A

Microtubules

52
Q

Contains a pair of centrioles that form a right angle with each other.
Found in animal cells but NOT in all eukaryotic cells

A

Centrosomes

53
Q

3 types of microtubules

A

Aster
Polar
Kinetochore

54
Q

Emanate outward from the centrosome toward the plasma membrane

A

Aster microtubules

55
Q

Project toward the region where the chromosomes are found during the mitosis (between the spindle poles)

A

Polar Microtubules

56
Q

A microtubule that have attachments to the kinetochores

A

Kinetochore microtubules

57
Q

Phases in Mitosis

A

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

58
Q

Replication of chromosomes into chromatids joined as sister chromatids

A

Prophase

59
Q

A multi-subunit protein complex that holds the sister chromatids together

A

Cohesion

60
Q

-Movement of centrosomes to opposite ends
-Interaction of spindle fibers with the sister chromatids
-Attachment of kinetochore microtubules

A

Prometaphase

61
Q

Sister chromatids align along the metaphase plate

A

Metaphase

62
Q

-Sister chromatids are separated as an individual chromosome
-Movement of chromosomes to opposite poles

A

Anaphase

63
Q

Chromosomes reach their respective poles

A

Telophase

64
Q

-Two nuclei are separated to daughter cells
-Segregation of cell organelles

A

Cytokinesis

65
Q

Myosin hydrolyzes ATP that shortens the ring to form a _______

A

Cleavage furrow

66
Q

This structure forms shortly after the Anaphase in plant cell mitosis

A

Cell plate

67
Q

Production of haploid cells that contain a single set of chromosomes from a diploid cell

A

Meiosis

68
Q

True or false

Meiosis involves two successive division

A

True ( Meiosis I and Meiosis II)

69
Q

5 Stages of Prophase I

A

Leptotene
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene
Diakinesis

70
Q

The replicated chromosomes begins to condense and become visible with a light microscope

A

Leptotene

71
Q

The recognition process that happens in Zygotene

A

Synapsis

72
Q

It promotes the binding of homologs to each other

A

Synaptonemal complex

73
Q

Homologs become completely aligned

A

Pachytene

74
Q

Contains two pairs of chromatids

A

Bivalent

75
Q

Physical exchange of chromosome pieces that result in exchange of genetic information

A

Crossing over

76
Q

The connection resulting from the crossing over

A

Chiasma (Chiasmata)

77
Q

Disappearance of synaptonemal complex, chromatids pull apart slightly

A

Diplotene

78
Q

Synaptonemal complex completely disappears

A

Diakinesis

79
Q

What happens at Prometaphase I

A

Nuclear membrane disappears
Formation of spindle fibers
Chromosomes begins to move

80
Q

The pairs of sister chromatids are aligned in a double row

A

Metaphase I

81
Q

The two sister chromatids separate from each other

A

Anaphase I

82
Q

What happens at Telophase I and Cytokinesis

A

-Sister chromatids reach their respective poles
- Decondensation occurs
- Nuclear membranes reforms to produce two separate nuclei
- Reduction division
- Haploid cells that do not have pairs of homologous chromosomes

83
Q

Meiosis II is similar to Meiosis I but with different starting point

A

False (Mitosis)

84
Q

The process where gametes are made in such a way that they contain half the amount of the organisms genetic material

A

Sexual Reproduction

85
Q

The process of producing gametes

A

Gametogenesis

86
Q

Gametes are morphologically similar

A

Isogamous

87
Q

Produce two morphologically different types of gametes

A

Heterogamous

88
Q

Production of sperm, occurs in the testes

A

Spermatogenesis

89
Q

Part of a sperm that contain digestive enzymes

A

Acrosome

90
Q

A part of sperm that contains many mitochondria

A

Collar

91
Q

Production of egg cell

A

Oogenesis

92
Q

Oogenesis occurs within a specialized diploid cell of the ovary

A

Ooginia

93
Q

A process that starts in puberty

A

Spermatogenesis

94
Q

A process that begins in fetus

A

Oogenesis

95
Q

In alteration of generation, meiosis produces haploid cells called

A

Spores

96
Q

It can lead to chromosomal abnormalities including non disjunction and polyploidies

A

Errors in Meiosis

97
Q

Occurs when chromosomes fail to separate appropriately

A

Non-disjunction

98
Q

Occurs when there are more than 2 copies of a homologous chromosome in a cell

A

Polyploidy

99
Q

What chromosome causes Down Syndrome

A

Trisomy 21

Genetics (lecture 3-4) (2 decks)

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