Topic 3

Question 1

We can call it the stock of common moral beliefs. The term is analogous to “common sense”

Answer 1

Common Morality

Question 2

Common features of human life that suggests general moral beliefs:

Answer 2

1. We are Vulnerable
2. We value Autonomy
3. We are Interdependent
4. We shared expectations and goals
5. We have common moral traits

Question 3

State three basic duties or obligations according to W.D Ross

Answer 3

1. Duties resting on our previous acts
   -Duties of fidelity
   -Duties of reparation for wrong done
2. Duties of gratitude
3. Duties of justice
4. Duties of beneficence
5. Duties of self improvement
6. Duties of not to injure others

Question 4

It is the basic concept in ethics that any moral judgement must be equally applicable to every relevantly identical situation.

Answer 4

Universalizability

Question 5

What are the two general ways about moral issues that uses the idea of universalizability?

Answer 5

1. Utilitarian ideal
2. Ideal of respect for persons

Question 6

It requires to focus on the idea of bringing about “the greatest good for the greatest number.”

Answer 6

Utilitarian approach

Question 7

Three prominent ways to consider in utilitarian thinking

Answer 7

1. Cost-Benefit Approach
2. Act Utilitarian Approach
3. Rule Utilitarian Approach

Question 8

This approach applies the utilitarian standard in quantifiable manner as possible.

Answer 8

Cost-Benefit Approach

Question 9

State at least one of the difficulties in the Utilitarian Standard.

Answer 9

1. Knowing which course of action will produce the most good in both short and long term.
2. Making choices that promises to bring the greatest amount of good.
3. Seems to favor the greater aggregate good at the expense of a a vulnerable minority.

Question 10

Cost-benefit analysis is sometimes referred to as __________ because much of the analysis requires estimating the probability of certain benefits and harms.

Answer 10

Risk-benefit analysis

Question 11

It is a utilitarian approach to problems that do not necessarily require that values be rendered in strictly quantitative terms.

Answer 11

Act Utilitarian Approach

Question 12

According to this utilitarian approach, there are problems that are best resolved by commonly accepted rules that enables to predict reliably the actions.

Answer 12

Rule Utilitarian Approach

Question 13

Three approaches to respect for persons thinking

Answer 13

1. The Golden Rule Approach
2. The Self-Defeating Approach
3. The Rights Approach

Question 14

______________ is a special application of the idea of universalizability.

Answer 14

Reversibility

Question 15

Define the two problems identified with the Golden Rule

Answer 15

1. Those that result from exclusive attention to what the agent is willing to accept.
2. Those that result from exclusive attention to what the recipient is willing to accept.

Question 16

According to the self-defeating approach, a universalized action can be self-defeating in two-ways:

Answer 16

1. The action itself cannot be performed if it universalized.
2. The purpose in performing the action is undermined if everyone else does what you do.

Question 17

What is included in the Second Tier Hierarchy of Rights?

Answer 17

It includes rights to maintain the level of purpose fulfillment an individual has already achieved.

Question 18

As suggested by Alan Gerawith, there are ________________

Answer 18

3-tiered hierarchy of rights