topic 3 Flashcards
What are the main sources of safety threat in hospitals?
- Natural Elements
- Chemicals and Drugs
- Microorganisms and Vermin
- Waste
- Sound and Radiation
- Electricity
- Natural and Unnatural Disasters
- Surrondings
- Gravity and Mechanical Stress
- People
Which government body sets the standard for workplace safety in singapre?
Workplace Safety and Health Council (WSHC)
What are the approach taken to ensure workplace safety?
- Hazard evaluation
- Warning labels
- Material safety data sheet (MSDS)
- Employee training
- Written hazard communication program
What are the 3 types of regulated hazardous substance?
- Reactive hazard
- flammable hazard
- health hazard
Why is safety important in hospitals?
Patients are in a physically weakened state and are more suceptible to infection
Hospital staff are exposed to a variety of bacteria and virus in the hospital. They may also come in contact with patients that could spread infections.
What are carcinogens?
Cancer inducing substance in humans or animals
What are toxins?
A substance that causes death or diseases
What are corrosives?
A substance that causes destruction of living tissues or metals
What are teratogens?
A substance that causes physical defects in developing embryos
What are anesthetics?
A substance that subdue the central nervous system
What are mutagen?
A substance that induce mutations in DNA
What are irritants?
A substance that causes imflammatory effects on living tissue
What are sensitizers?
A substance that causes allergic reactions to skin or respiratory systems
What are the 8 types of chemical hazards?
- Carcinogen
- Toxin
- corrosive
- teratogen
- anesthetic
- mutagen
- irritant
- sensitizer
What is the route of exposure of chemicals?
- Inhalation
- Absorbtion through the skin
- Injection or skin penetration by a needle or broken glass
- Ingestion
What is acute hazard?
High dose over short duration
What is chronic hazard?
low dose over long duration
What is included in PPE?
- safety goggles
- gloves
- lab coats
- respiratory protection
What is a Class 1 laser?
Class 1 laser are incapable of causing injury or damage
What is a Class 1M laser?
Class 1M laser are incapable of causing injury or damage unless viewed through a magnifying optic
What is a Class 2 laser?
Class 2 laser emits visible light. Injury and damage could be avoided by not staring at it.
What is a Class 2M laser?
Class 2M laser emits visible light. Injury could be avioded by not staring at it. Viewing it through a magnifying optic is hazardous
What is a Class 3R laser?
Class 3R laser emits visible light. It can produce eye injury but the risk is low for a momentary exposure.
What is Class 3B laser?
Class 3B is hazardous under direct viewing. Might cause skin injuries.
What is Class 4 laser?
Class 4 is capable of eye and skin damage. It is capable of starting a fire and create plasma radiation.
What are the classes of lasers?
- 1
- 1M
- 2
- 2M
- 3R
- 3B
- 4
What are the safety precautions of MRI?
- Warning signs
- Training programs
- No ferromagnetic object in the room
- check object with hand held magnet before entering room
What are the factors associated with physical hazard?
- body stressing
- confined spaces
- electricity
- heat
- heights
- noise
- vibration
What does biological hazard include?
- viruses
- toxins
- spores
- fungi
- pathogenic micro-organism
- bio-active substance
What is class A fires?
Solid combustables such as wood and paper.
What is class B fires?
Class B fires occur on flammable gasses, liquids and plastics.
What is class C fires?
Class C fires involve electricity.
What is class D fires?
Class D fires involve combustable metals.
How to put out class A fires?
water
How to put out class B fires?
chemical foams
How to put out class C fires?
deprive it of oxygen. Monoammonium phosphate and potassium bicarbonate. (smothering)
What are the 2 types of radiation?
- Ionising
2. Non-ionising
What are examples of ionising radiation?
- alpha rays
- beta rays
- gamma rays
- x-rays
- Neutrons
What are alpha rays?
alpha rays are postively charged and low penetration. They cannon penetrate paper, clothing or even skin. Therefore, it is not a hazard unless ingested.
What are beta rays?
beta rays are negatively charged electrons traveling at high speed. They will penetrate skin and tissue.
What are gamma rays?
Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation with no charge. They are high in penetrating power.
What are neutrons?
Neutrons have no charge and are produced as a produced as a result of accelerators used in treatment. They are the most powerful in terms of penetrating power.
What are the 3 ways to limit radiation exposure?
- Use shielding
- Limit the time exposed
- Increase the distance from the radiation
What are example of non-ionising radiation?
- microwave
- infrared
- ultra violet
- lasers
