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HGP 252 > Topic 2 - Vulnerability & Resilience > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Vulnerability & Resilience Flashcards

1
Q

Number of Natural Diasters – All Continents 1900 – 2016

A

• Generally: Increasing trend in natural disasters

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2
Q

Deaths Caused by Reported Natural Disasters 1900-2016

A

• Generally: Decline in amount of deaths from natural disasters

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3
Q

Vulnerability

A

• Characteristics of an individual, family, system (infrastructure), place, that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard

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4
Q

• What contributed to vulnerability of people living in New Orleans?

A

o Below Sea level elevation
o Inadequate levies
o Infrastructure wasn’t built to evacuate the entire city
 Traffic issues
o Lack of preparedness
o Poverty – some people didn’t have vehicles

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5
Q

What is Risk?

A

Probability of negative consequences.

Ex.) New Orleans - has a history of potential risk of huricanes

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6
Q

What is a Mitigation?

A

• Risks can be reduced with good mitigation, or amplified with poor or non-existent mitigation

  • Goal is to reduce the impacts of a potential hazard
  • Good - land use planning, structural building, hazard warning systems
  • Poor - levies that are too poor
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7
Q

Geographic Context Affects Biophysical Vulnerability (3)

A
  1. Where a place is located
  2. Characteristics of that place
  3. Proximity to hazard sources/events
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8
Q

How does Location & Characteristics of Place affect New Orleans Vulnerability?

A

o Sinking ground
o Silk, Sand and Clay
o Surrounding wetlands are sinking as well
 Reasons are man-made
• Canals
 Ironically, the wetlands actually protect the city, and not the levies

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9
Q

Social Fabric Affects Social Vulnerability

A
  1. Perception of risk (awareness)
  2. Individual/societal ability to respond
    o Are their ways for people to evacuate an area?
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10
Q

Socio-Economic Characteristics (7)

A
  1. ) Poverty
  2. ) Housing
  3. ) Age
  4. ) Gender
  5. ) Family Structure
  6. ) Socially Dependent
  7. ) Special Needs
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11
Q

Socio-Economic Characteristics: Poverty

A

o More exposed to harm (forced to live in hazardous locations, inadequate housing, no source of transportation)
o Fewer recovery resources
o Low education levels

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12
Q

Socio-Economic Characteristics: Housing

A
  • Homeless: difficult to warn the homeless about a hazardous event
  • Housing Quality: mobile homes provide very little protection in the event of a tornado
  • Renters are more vulnerable
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13
Q

Socio-Economic Characteristics: Age

A
  • Elderly and Children are more vulnerable

vision difficulties, social isolation, reduced hearing, dependent on others, or medications

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14
Q

Socio-Economic Characteristics: Gender

A
  • Wage differences
  • Women may have a harder time during recovery with family obligations
  • Emotional and physical abuse amount increase after disaster
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15
Q

What makes women in the frontline of Bangledesh more vulnerable?

A
  • children to take care of
  • no place to cook, store food in cyclones
  • warnings put up too late
  • number of shelters are too few
  • men can’t fish after floods
    (90% of people who died in Bangledesh were women)
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16
Q

Socio-Economic Characteristics: Family Structure

A
  • Large families
  • Single parent households
  • Socially isolated
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17
Q

Socio-Economic Characteristics: Socially Dependent

A
  • Additional support post-disaster (meals on wheels)
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18
Q

Socio-Economic Characteristics: Special Needs

A
  • Support to meet daily needs
  • Technology based life support systems
  • Physical disabilities
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19
Q

Haiti Earthquake (history and magnitude)

A
  • Very vulnerable in terms of the history of hazards
  • Very vulnerable in terms of biophysical vulnerability
  • Magnitude of 7.0
20
Q

Disaster Pressure and Release Model: The Progression of Vulnerability

A
  1. ) Root Causes
  2. ) Dynamic Pressures
  3. ) Unsafe Conditions
21
Q

Disaster Pressure and Release Model: RISK

A

RISK = Hazard + Vulnerability

R = H + V

22
Q

ROOT CAUSES (2)

A
  1. ) Limited Access to: power, structures, resources

2. ) Ideologies: political systems, economic systems

23
Q

DYNAMIC PRESSURES (2)

A
  1. ) Lack of: local institutions, training (low literacy, low skilled workers), appropriate skills, local investments, local markets, press freedom, ethical standards in public life
  2. ) Macro-Forces: rapid population growth (very young in age), rapid urbanization (more people in dense areas), arms expenditure, debt repayment schedules, deforestation, decline in soil productivity
24
Q

UNSAFE CONDITIONS (4)

A
  1. ) Fragile physical environment - dangerous locations, unprotected buildings & infrastructure
  2. ) Fragile Local Economy - livelihood at risk, low income levels, suffers from rapid inflation, and high unemployment rates
  3. ) Vulnerable Society - special groups at risk, lack of local institutions (healthcare services)
  4. ) Publications - lack of disaster preparedness, prevalence of epidemic disease
25
Q

Cutter Et Al 2003 Social Vulnerability Index (11)

A
  1. ) Wealth
  2. ) Age
  3. ) Density
  4. ) Single-Sector
  5. ) Housing
  6. ) Ethnicity/Race - African American
  7. ) Ethnicity/Race - African American Female Headed Households
  8. ) Ethnicity/Race - Asian
  9. ) Ethnicity/Race - Hispanic and Native American
  10. ) Occupation
  11. ) Infrastructure Dependence
26
Q

What makes Mega Cities more Vulnerable?

A 
	High density
	Large population
	Dependency on public transportation
	Racial/ethnic diversity
	Sense of community
	Income Polarization 
	Homeless population
	Challenges in emergency information
	Rental units
	Higher infrastructural cost in terms of recovery
27
Q

What makes Mega Cities less Vulnerable?

A 
	Strong economy
	Larger emergency response team
	Higher education – skilled people
	Better emergency response plans
	Communication is easier
	Better buildings
28
Q

What makes Small Towns More Vulnerable?

A

 Lower density
 Less diverse economy
 Small population, high risk
 Dependency on single sector (agricultural)
 Evacuation more challenging (people who would want to stay behind)
 Lack of local institutions
 Geographical isolation from larger cities that can help
 Lack of education
 Proximity to industries /facilities - dumb one!!!!
 One road access

29
Q

What makes Small Towns Less Vulnerable?

A

 Less infrastructure, limited rebuilding
 Natural barriers
 Access to vehicles – opposed to public transit
 Limited awareness on emergency response
 High level of self reliance
 More resilient people
 Close knit community

30
Q

Holling’s Resillience Definition

A

“Measure the persistence of (ecological) systems and their ability to absorb change and disturbance and still maintain the same relationships between populations or state variables”

31
Q

RESILIENCE AS DEFINED IN THE HAZARDS FIELD (UNISDR, 2009)

A

• The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions.

32
Q

Characteristics of a Resilient Person & Community: Resources

A
  1. ) Individual - financial resources for mitigation, preparedness & recovery, other resources (essential household items, transport, tools)
  2. ) Community - economy, population (stable or growing, but not too fast), other resources (accessible housing, health services, schools)
33
Q

Characteristics of a Resilient Person & Community: Social Support & Community Bonds

A
  1. ) Individual - social support (family, friends, agencies to rely on), community bonds
  2. ) Community - social infrastructure (radio stations, social networks, community organizations), Inter-organizational networks (links between different agencies that share information/resources), partnerships
34
Q

Characteristics of a Resilient Person & Community: Management Capacity

A
  1. ) Individual - time and opportunity to obtain information, resources & services
  2. ) Community - shared community values, make decisions & act collectively
35
Q

Characteristics of a Resilient Person & Community: Information

A
  1. ) Individual - before, during, and after a hazard event

2. ) Community - local hazards & the community (who are the vulnerable people in a community), warning systems

36
Q

Indigenous Knowledge Vulnerabilities (5)

A
  1. ) Poverty
  2. ) Low housing quality
  3. ) High population growth (more young people)
  4. ) Health issues
  5. ) Lack of local institutions & emergency preparedness
37
Q

Indigenous Knowledge - Place Names

A
  • Giving names to locations that describe their hazard vulnerability
    o Mangakino – dangerous stream
    o Ongarue – place of shaking
    o Turtle Mountain – the mountain that moves
38
Q

Indigenous Knowledge - Legend and Ceremonies

A
  • Chant on the presence of earthquakes
     Earthquakes – west coast
    o Nuu-chah-nulth
39
Q

Indigenous Knowledge - Oral Histories

A
  1. ) Pachena Bay Oral History - earthquake and tsunami
  2. ) Washington State - thunderbird and the whale (storm travels with the bird and harder comes down, the bigger the wave and tsunami)
40
Q

Run to High Ground Video

A

Indigenous video that used oral traditions and educated people about the potential hazards on the West Coast.
- Was part of the education curriculum

41
Q

DROP model

A

Disaster Resilience of Place Model

42
Q

DROP: Antecedent Conditions

A
  1. ) Inherent vulnerability
  2. ) Inherent resilience
  • some factors affect both, but some affect only one or the other
43
Q

DROP: Event and Coping Responses

A
  1. ) Event characteristics

2. ) Coping actions - undertaken in advance to facilitate and effective response

44
Q

DROP: Absorptive Capacity

A
  • The ability of the community to absorb event impacts by using predetermined coping responses after an event occurs
  • Exceeded in 2 ways: event is too large, or improper planning and coping
45
Q

DROP : Adaptive Resilience

A
  • Actions to help the community to recover and better handle future events

Ex.) Edmonton warning system after the tornado, rebuilding with safer materials

HGP 252 (7 decks)

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