Topic 2 - Vulnerability & Resilience Flashcards
Number of Natural Diasters – All Continents 1900 – 2016
• Generally: Increasing trend in natural disasters
Deaths Caused by Reported Natural Disasters 1900-2016
• Generally: Decline in amount of deaths from natural disasters
Vulnerability
• Characteristics of an individual, family, system (infrastructure), place, that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard
• What contributed to vulnerability of people living in New Orleans?
o Below Sea level elevation
o Inadequate levies
o Infrastructure wasn’t built to evacuate the entire city
Traffic issues
o Lack of preparedness
o Poverty – some people didn’t have vehicles
What is Risk?
Probability of negative consequences.
Ex.) New Orleans - has a history of potential risk of huricanes
What is a Mitigation?
• Risks can be reduced with good mitigation, or amplified with poor or non-existent mitigation
- Goal is to reduce the impacts of a potential hazard
- Good - land use planning, structural building, hazard warning systems
- Poor - levies that are too poor
Geographic Context Affects Biophysical Vulnerability (3)
- Where a place is located
- Characteristics of that place
- Proximity to hazard sources/events
How does Location & Characteristics of Place affect New Orleans Vulnerability?
o Sinking ground
o Silk, Sand and Clay
o Surrounding wetlands are sinking as well
Reasons are man-made
• Canals
Ironically, the wetlands actually protect the city, and not the levies
Social Fabric Affects Social Vulnerability
- Perception of risk (awareness)
- Individual/societal ability to respond
o Are their ways for people to evacuate an area?
Socio-Economic Characteristics (7)
- ) Poverty
- ) Housing
- ) Age
- ) Gender
- ) Family Structure
- ) Socially Dependent
- ) Special Needs
Socio-Economic Characteristics: Poverty
o More exposed to harm (forced to live in hazardous locations, inadequate housing, no source of transportation)
o Fewer recovery resources
o Low education levels
Socio-Economic Characteristics: Housing
- Homeless: difficult to warn the homeless about a hazardous event
- Housing Quality: mobile homes provide very little protection in the event of a tornado
- Renters are more vulnerable
Socio-Economic Characteristics: Age
- Elderly and Children are more vulnerable
vision difficulties, social isolation, reduced hearing, dependent on others, or medications
Socio-Economic Characteristics: Gender
- Wage differences
- Women may have a harder time during recovery with family obligations
- Emotional and physical abuse amount increase after disaster
What makes women in the frontline of Bangledesh more vulnerable?
- children to take care of
- no place to cook, store food in cyclones
- warnings put up too late
- number of shelters are too few
- men can’t fish after floods
(90% of people who died in Bangledesh were women)
Socio-Economic Characteristics: Family Structure
- Large families
- Single parent households
- Socially isolated
Socio-Economic Characteristics: Socially Dependent
- Additional support post-disaster (meals on wheels)
Socio-Economic Characteristics: Special Needs
- Support to meet daily needs
- Technology based life support systems
- Physical disabilities
Haiti Earthquake (history and magnitude)
- Very vulnerable in terms of the history of hazards
- Very vulnerable in terms of biophysical vulnerability
- Magnitude of 7.0
Disaster Pressure and Release Model: The Progression of Vulnerability
- ) Root Causes
- ) Dynamic Pressures
- ) Unsafe Conditions
Disaster Pressure and Release Model: RISK
RISK = Hazard + Vulnerability
R = H + V
ROOT CAUSES (2)
- ) Limited Access to: power, structures, resources
2. ) Ideologies: political systems, economic systems
DYNAMIC PRESSURES (2)
- ) Lack of: local institutions, training (low literacy, low skilled workers), appropriate skills, local investments, local markets, press freedom, ethical standards in public life
- ) Macro-Forces: rapid population growth (very young in age), rapid urbanization (more people in dense areas), arms expenditure, debt repayment schedules, deforestation, decline in soil productivity
UNSAFE CONDITIONS (4)
- ) Fragile physical environment - dangerous locations, unprotected buildings & infrastructure
- ) Fragile Local Economy - livelihood at risk, low income levels, suffers from rapid inflation, and high unemployment rates
- ) Vulnerable Society - special groups at risk, lack of local institutions (healthcare services)
- ) Publications - lack of disaster preparedness, prevalence of epidemic disease
Cutter Et Al 2003 Social Vulnerability Index (11)
- ) Wealth
- ) Age
- ) Density
- ) Single-Sector
- ) Housing
- ) Ethnicity/Race - African American
- ) Ethnicity/Race - African American Female Headed Households
- ) Ethnicity/Race - Asian
- ) Ethnicity/Race - Hispanic and Native American
- ) Occupation
- ) Infrastructure Dependence
What makes Mega Cities more Vulnerable?
High density Large population Dependency on public transportation Racial/ethnic diversity Sense of community Income Polarization Homeless population Challenges in emergency information Rental units Higher infrastructural cost in terms of recovery
What makes Mega Cities less Vulnerable?
Strong economy Larger emergency response team Higher education – skilled people Better emergency response plans Communication is easier Better buildings
What makes Small Towns More Vulnerable?
Lower density
Less diverse economy
Small population, high risk
Dependency on single sector (agricultural)
Evacuation more challenging (people who would want to stay behind)
Lack of local institutions
Geographical isolation from larger cities that can help
Lack of education
Proximity to industries /facilities - dumb one!!!!
One road access
What makes Small Towns Less Vulnerable?
Less infrastructure, limited rebuilding
Natural barriers
Access to vehicles – opposed to public transit
Limited awareness on emergency response
High level of self reliance
More resilient people
Close knit community
Holling’s Resillience Definition
“Measure the persistence of (ecological) systems and their ability to absorb change and disturbance and still maintain the same relationships between populations or state variables”
RESILIENCE AS DEFINED IN THE HAZARDS FIELD (UNISDR, 2009)
• The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions.
Characteristics of a Resilient Person & Community: Resources
- ) Individual - financial resources for mitigation, preparedness & recovery, other resources (essential household items, transport, tools)
- ) Community - economy, population (stable or growing, but not too fast), other resources (accessible housing, health services, schools)
Characteristics of a Resilient Person & Community: Social Support & Community Bonds
- ) Individual - social support (family, friends, agencies to rely on), community bonds
- ) Community - social infrastructure (radio stations, social networks, community organizations), Inter-organizational networks (links between different agencies that share information/resources), partnerships
Characteristics of a Resilient Person & Community: Management Capacity
- ) Individual - time and opportunity to obtain information, resources & services
- ) Community - shared community values, make decisions & act collectively
Characteristics of a Resilient Person & Community: Information
- ) Individual - before, during, and after a hazard event
2. ) Community - local hazards & the community (who are the vulnerable people in a community), warning systems
Indigenous Knowledge Vulnerabilities (5)
- ) Poverty
- ) Low housing quality
- ) High population growth (more young people)
- ) Health issues
- ) Lack of local institutions & emergency preparedness
Indigenous Knowledge - Place Names
- Giving names to locations that describe their hazard vulnerability
o Mangakino – dangerous stream
o Ongarue – place of shaking
o Turtle Mountain – the mountain that moves
Indigenous Knowledge - Legend and Ceremonies
- Chant on the presence of earthquakes
Earthquakes – west coast
o Nuu-chah-nulth
Indigenous Knowledge - Oral Histories
- ) Pachena Bay Oral History - earthquake and tsunami
- ) Washington State - thunderbird and the whale (storm travels with the bird and harder comes down, the bigger the wave and tsunami)
Run to High Ground Video
Indigenous video that used oral traditions and educated people about the potential hazards on the West Coast.
- Was part of the education curriculum
DROP model
Disaster Resilience of Place Model
DROP: Antecedent Conditions
- ) Inherent vulnerability
- ) Inherent resilience
- some factors affect both, but some affect only one or the other
DROP: Event and Coping Responses
- ) Event characteristics
2. ) Coping actions - undertaken in advance to facilitate and effective response
DROP: Absorptive Capacity
- The ability of the community to absorb event impacts by using predetermined coping responses after an event occurs
- Exceeded in 2 ways: event is too large, or improper planning and coping
DROP : Adaptive Resilience
- Actions to help the community to recover and better handle future events
Ex.) Edmonton warning system after the tornado, rebuilding with safer materials