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BIOL 241 > Topic 2: Thermodynamics > Flashcards

Topic 2: Thermodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

What is an Isolated system?

A

It does not exchange matter or energy with its surrounding

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2
Q

What is a Closed system?

A

It exchanges energy with its surroundings

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3
Q

What is an Open system?

A

It exchanges both energy and matter with its surroundings

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4
Q

What kind of system is a biological system?

A

An Open system
- Acquiring energy and matter from their surroundings
- Remove unneeded waste molecules

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5
Q

What is Energy?

A

The ability to cause change

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6
Q

What is Work?

A

The change that requires energy, for work to occur, energy must be available to carry out the change

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7
Q

Examples of work cells/organisms do?

A
  • Synthesis of biomolecules
  • Transport of molecules
  • Cell division
  • Motility
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8
Q

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Energy is neither created nor destroyed
- Can change location and forms

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9
Q

Where must all energy that enters a system come from?

A

The surroundings

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10
Q

What is Potential Energy?

A

Stored energy due to position

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11
Q

What is Kinetic Energy?

A

Energy of motion/change

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12
Q

What kind of energy do electrons have?

A

Both Potential and Kinetic energy

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13
Q

What happens as electrons move closer to the atomic nucleus?

A

Potential energy is converted to light and heat

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14
Q

Electrons further from the atomic nucleus have more?

A

Potential energy

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15
Q

Potential energy within a molecule depends on?

A
  • Arrangement of electrons in their chemical bonds
  • Increased non-polar covalent bonds = more PE
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16
Q

What is a chemical gradient?

A

A high concentration of solute on the membrane’s side (PE) is converted into KE as the solute moves down its concentration gradient.

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17
Q

What is Enthalpy?

A
  • The sum of PE and KE in the system
  • Variable is H
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18
Q

When work occurs what happens to the system?

A

Its enthalpy and entropy changes

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19
Q

What is the change in enthalpy?

A

Measured as the amount of heat that is released to, or absorbed from the surroundings

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20
Q

If heat is released, Enthalpy is?

A

Negative

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21
Q

If heat is absorbed, Enthalpy is?

A

Positive

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22
Q

What does exothermic mean?

A

Products have less enthalpy than the reactants, energy is released
e.g.
Glucose + ATP —> Glucose-6-P + ADP
Enthalpy: -35kJ/mol

23
Q

What does endothermic mean?

A

Products have more enthalpy than the reactants
e.g.
Glucose-6-P —> Fructose-6-P
Enthalpy: +12 kJ/mol

24
Q

What is a spontaneous reaction?

A
  • A reaction that can happen under the current set of conditions
  • NOT instantaneous
25
Q

If a reaction is spontaneous then under the same conditions…

A

It is non-spontaneous in the opposite direction

26
Q

What does non-spontaneous mean?

A

A reaction that can not occur under the current condition

27
Q

What are important in “Current Conditions”?

A
  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Concentration of product and reactants
  • Pressure (salinity)
28
Q

Does enthalpy determine if a reaction is spontaneous?

A

No

29
Q

What is Entropy?

A
  • How dispersed or spread out the energy of the system and surrounding is
  • The variable for it is S
30
Q

If energy has become more dispersed…

A

Entropy is positive

31
Q

If energy has become less dispersed…

A

Entropy is negative

32
Q

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

A
  • The total entropy of the universe is always increasing
  • Every transfer or transformation of energy must increase the total entropy of the universe
33
Q

What determines spontaneity?

A

Entropy, when it is a positive value it is spontaneous, when it is a negative value it is non-spontaneous

34
Q

The total entropy change is?

A

Total entropy = entropy of the system + entropy of the surroundings
- Entropy of the system can decrease if the entropy of the surroundings increases to a greater degree

35
Q

What is free energy?

A
  • A measurement of the energy in the system that is free (available) to do work
  • The variable is G
36
Q

In a spontaneous reaction, what should the free energy look like in reactants and products?

A

More free energy in reactants than in products

37
Q

When Free Energy (G) is negative

A

Energy is available

38
Q

When Free Energy (G) is positive

A

Energy is not available

39
Q

What is an Exergonic Reaction?

A

Free energy is released, products have less free energy than reactants, and the reaction proceeds spontaneously.

40
Q

What is an Endergonic Reaction?

A

Free energy is gained, products have more free energy than reactants, and the reaction is not spontaneous

41
Q

What is the relationship between change in free energy and total entropy?

A

Change in free energy = - (temperature)(total entropy)

42
Q

What is Chemical Equilibrium?

A

Occurs when the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal

43
Q

What happens as a spontaneous reaction proceeds?

A

The condition changes, the concentration of reactants decreases and the concentration of products increases

44
Q

How do you make a reaction proceed further if there is not enough free energy in the system to allow further overall change?

A
  • Add more reactants
  • Decrease amount of products
45
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

The sum of all reactions in a cell

46
Q

What is Catabolism?

A

The breaking down of complex molecules (releases energy)

47
Q

What is Anabolism?

A

The building up of complex molecules (uses energy)

48
Q

What are metabolic reactions linked to?

A

Biochemical (metabolic) pathways

49
Q

What are connected reactions?

A

If the product of the first reaction is the substrate for the second reaction
e.g
glucose —> glucose-6-P
glucose-6-P —> fructose-6-P

50
Q

All real reactions are?

A

Exergonic

51
Q

How is ATP converted into ADP?

A

ATP hydrolysis:
1 phosphate group is broken off and bonds with HOH

52
Q

What is a coupled reaction?

A

2 reactions that occur at the same time and the same place
e.g. Production of glucose-6-P
1. Glucose becomes phosphorylated
2. ATP is hydrolyzed (reacts with water)
(Curvy arrows used for ATP, NADH, and FADH2 which are frequently used in biochemical reactions)

53
Q

What are the first two reactions of Glycolysis?

A
  • The first reaction of glycolysis is a coupled reaction
  • The first reaction is connected to the second reaction
  • The second reaction of glycolysis is not coupled to the second reaction
    glucose —> glucose-6-P —> fructose-6-P
    ATP ~> ADP

BIOL 241 (6 decks)

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