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BIOL 241 > Topic 1: Classifications > Flashcards

Topic 1: Classifications Flashcards

1
Q

What are Life’s Emergent Properties?

A
  1. Organization
  2. Structure and Function
  3. Interdependence
  4. Energy Flow
  5. Information Flow
  6. Evolution
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2
Q

What is the basic unit of life?

A

Cells

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3
Q

What is the basic unit of energy?

A

ATP

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4
Q

What is the basic unit of heredity?

A

DNA

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5
Q

What does evolution explain?

A

The unity and diversity of life

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6
Q

What is the fifth key feature of life?

A

All life is interconnected

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7
Q

What is the 5-Kingdom Taxonomic hierarchy (classification system) based on?

A

Similarities and differences in morphology and nutrition

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8
Q

What is the Kingdom level in Taxonomic Hierarchy?

A

Kingdom is the most inclusive level and species are the most unique

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9
Q

What are all the levels in the Kingdom Taxonomic Hierarchy

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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10
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A

Genus species naming system

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11
Q

What are the 5-Kingdom Classification System?

A

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of the Monera Kingdom?

A
  • Unicellular
  • No nucleus
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13
Q

What are the characteristics of the Protista Kingdom?

A
  • Mostly unicellular
  • Nucleus
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14
Q

What are the characteristics of the Fungi Kingdom?

A
  • Multi/unicellular
  • Nucleus
  • Different nutrition from plants
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of the Plantae Kingdom

A
  • Nucleus
  • Photosynthetic
  • Non-mobile
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16
Q

What are the characteristics of the Animalia Kingdom?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Mobile
  • Heterotrophic
17
Q

What is the importance of comparing nucleotide sequences of the ribosome gene among species?

A
  • A more similar nucleic acid sequence means a species is more closely related
  • A different nucleic acid sequence means their species diverged long ago in their evolutionary relationship
18
Q

What is the 3-domain Classification System based on?

A
  • Based on similarities and differences in molecular information (DNA sequences e.g. gene rRNA)
19
Q

What is included in the 3-domain Classification System?

A

Bacteria, Eukarya, and Archaea

20
Q

How does the traditional 3-domain Classification System differ from the 2-domain system (2017)

A
  • The 2-domain system suggests Eukarya emerged from within Archaea (more closely related to each other than to bacteria)
  • The 3-domain system shows Eukarya and Archae closely related by them coming off the same branch
21
Q

What are the characteristics of Domain Bacteria?

A
  • Prokaryotic (no nucleus)
  • Unicellular
  • Has cell walls made with peptidoglycan
  • Small 1 to 5 micrometres radius/length
22
Q

What are the characteristics of Domain Archaea?

A
  • Live in extreme conditions (high salinity and high temperatures)
  • Prokaryotic (no nucleus)
  • Unicellular
  • Some have a cell wall made with pseudipeptidoglycan
  • Small
23
Q

What are the characteristics of Domain Eukarya?

A
  • Eukaryotic (nucleus)
  • Unicellular/multicellular
  • Some have a cell wall made with cellulose and chitin
  • Cells are large! (10 to 100x larger than a prokaryotic cell)
24
Q

What are the similarities between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes?

A

Both have cytoplasm, DNA, cell membrane, and ribosomes

25
Q

What are the characteristics of a Prokaryote?

A
  • Single circular piece of DNA condensed in the nucleoid
  • Contain Pili
  • Lacking membrane-bound organelles
  • Small
26
Q

What are the characteristics of a Eukaryote?

A
  • Multiple linear pieces of DNA in the nucleus
  • Has an endomembrane system
  • Contains organelles (mitochondria)
  • Big
27
Q

Why are prokaryotic cells small?

A
  • Higher surface area-to-volume ratio, which allows for more efficient nutrient exchange and waste removal across the cell membrane
  • Prokaryotic cells rely on diffusion (rate of diffusion is effective over short distances), being a small size helps these cells maintain efficient diffusion and energy production
28
Q

How can Eukaryotes be large?

A
  • They have an endomembrane system and membrane-bound organelles that allow for compartmentalization of the cytosol and transport of nutrients and waste (increasing the surface area)
29
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A
  • It occurs when a gene from one species becomes part of the genome of another species
30
Q

What is the Endosymbiotic Theory?

A
  • Eukaryotic organelles, such as the mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living prokaryotic cells.
  • Around 1.5 billion years ago, a host cell, likely an archaea-like prokaryote, engulfed a bacteria-like prokaryote efficient at aerobic respiration
  • Leading to a mutually beneficial relationship where the host cell received energy (ATP) and the bacteria gained protection and nutrients
  • Over time, the engulfed prokaryotes evolved into permanent organelles within the host (allowing them to develop more complex structures and grow larger)
31
Q

What is the evidence for the Endosymbiotic Theory?

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts:
1. Are the same size as modern prokaryotes
2. Have their own circular DNA
3. Divide by binary fission
4. Have ribosomes more similar to modern bacterial ribosomes (rRNA gene sequences)
5. Many other (endo)symbiotic associations exist
e.g. Sea Slug and Boxer Crab

32
Q

What are the two names for ways organisms get their source of energy?

A

Phototroph and Chemotroph

33
Q

What is a Chemotroph?

A

Chemical eater for a source of energy

34
Q

What is a Chemoorganotroph?

A

Chemoorganotroph: Organic molecules (ATP)

35
Q

What is a Chemolithotroph?

A

Chemolithotroph: Inorganic molecules (oxidized sulphur, H2, and Fe)

36
Q

What is a Phototroph?

A

Light eater for a source of energy

37
Q

What are the two names for ways organisms get their source of carbon?

A

Autotroph and Heterotroph

38
Q

What is an Autotroph?

A

A self-eater who gets carbon from “fixing” CO2

39
Q

What is a Heterotroph?

A

Eats others, gets carbon from plants, animals and organic molecules

BIOL 241 (6 decks)

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