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Science 9 Unit C - Environmental Chemistry > Topic 2 - The quantity of chemicals in the environment can be monitored > Flashcards

Topic 2 - The quantity of chemicals in the environment can be monitored Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 types of biological indicators?

A

Bioloigical Indicators, Aquatic Invertebrates

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2
Q

What are examples of the 2 biological indicators?

A

Microbiological Indicator: Escherichia coli - bacteria

Aquatic Invertebrates:

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3
Q

How does the monitoring work? What do their populations tell a person?

A
  • If several organisms found = healthier water conditions
  • Less organisms found = may be water condition difficulties
  • Low ph (power of hydrogen) = no fish (ash pH decreasesm so does the amount of all organisms)
  • If several worms, specifies lower oxygen levels
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4
Q

Why is dissolved oxygen crucial for the health of aquatic life?

A
  • All organisms need oxygen, even those living in the water
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5
Q

What are the 4 factors which influence how much oxygen is in the water?

A
  • Temperature - as temperatures increases (warmer) oxygen levels decrease.
  • The Speed of Water - Turblence due to wind or the speed of moving water
  • How much photosynthesis by plants and algae in the water
  • The number of organisms in the water - The number of organims are using up the oxygen
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6
Q

What does the levels of oxygen specify that water system?

A
  • Less than 2 ppm = that means there is no life
    2 ppm = there is worms
    4 ppm = several organisms (large quantity)
    6 ppm - more organisms - (even more)
    8 ppm = Many = LOTS = fish come, and there is a healthy lake
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7
Q

Does phosphorus & nitrogen assist or harm an environment?

A

Phosphorus & Nitrogen are essential for living things, however too high of the concentration in water can casue obstacles.
They are helpful if they are not in presence of too big of quantities.
If there is a lot of Phosphorus & Nitrogen they can hurt the environment.

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8
Q

What are the possible sources of phosphorus & nitrogen?

A
  • Sewage outfalls (effluent)

- Eunoff from fertilized fields

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9
Q

What are the results of phosphorus & nitrogen on an environment?

A
  • The results of having phosphorus & nitrogen on an environement is there will be expanded growth of algae & green plants. As additional algae & plants grow more die. Then dead organic matter becomes food for the bacteria which decomposes it.
  • Also they make more plants germinate which is good for the environment.
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10
Q

The normal pH is?

A

5.6

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11
Q

What pH do fish start to die at?

A

4.5

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12
Q

How are researchers the people who created it trying to fi this situation?

A
  • Scientists found out water samples may involve very low concentrations which many be very hurtful to the environment.
  • They can spread a resistance since they reproduce rapidly.
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13
Q

How do pesticides impact aquatic environments?

A

Although, they are sometimes found in concentrations which are low in water, pesticides can be very toxic in water even in tiny amounts.

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14
Q

What does toxin mean?

A
  • Substances which manufacture serious health issues.

- Poisions that produce serious health problems.

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15
Q

What is does LD50 stand for? Also, what does it mean?

A

It stands for Lethal Dose 50. Also, it is a way to measure how toxic something is.

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16
Q

What does heavy metals mean?

A

Heavy metals: Metals that are havy.

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17
Q

What are some illustrations or examples of heavy metals?

A

Some examples are mercury, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, cadmium

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18
Q

Where are heay metals found in wildlife?

A

They are found in soil, rock and sometimes water.

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19
Q

What happens if heavy metals is swallowed?

A

Sickness, physical issues

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20
Q

What are some ways heavy metals get into aquatic systems?

A
  • Leach into water from pipes and or fertilizers
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21
Q

How does Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) shape in the environment?

A
  • Sulfur Dioxide shapes when oxygen merges with sulfide.
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22
Q

How does Suflur Dioxide impact the environment and how can it impact individuals?

A
  • For individuals it can irritate your eyes.
  • It can influence your respiratory system: throat & lungs
  • Causes smog & acid rain
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23
Q

What are sources of sulfur dioxide?

A
  • Coal, oil, natural gas
  • Industrial Processes
  • Burning fuel like oil, gas or coaal
  • OIl or Gas Industry
24
Q

How can this issues be solved?

A

They use scrubbers which are utilized in factories.

25
Q

How are Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) manufactured?

A
  • It is formed through burning fuels
  • Nitrogen is shaped by burning fuels first merges with oxygen to create nitrogen monoxide gas. Then it combines with O2 (oxygen) in the atmosphere to create NOx (nitrogen dioxide) which is a brownish gas.
26
Q

What are 3 issues or dangers that (NOx) present?

A

They can impact your eyes, respiratory system - throat & lungs

27
Q

How is ground level ozone manufactured?

A
  • From a reaction between oxygen, Nitrogen Oxides, Volatile Organic Compounds in sunlights and heat.
28
Q

What are 3 issues or dangers that ground level ozone present?

A

Harmufl to people who have lung disease.
It can affect crops - Examples: wheat, soybeans, onions
Can cause materials - Example: plastic to decay more speedily.
Respiratory System - can cause lung disease, severally impact people who are asthamtic, people with colds, litttle children who lungs are still evolving.

29
Q

What are sources for ground level ozone?

A
  • Fuel combustion in car engines

- Industry

30
Q

How is the living of ozone necessary for the atmosphere?

A
  • It is critical as a barrier for ultraviolet light.
31
Q

How can they be minimized?

A

Monitoring, minimizing vehicle emissions an example is public transport.

32
Q

How does Carbon Dioxide get into the environment? What are few of its natural & manmade sources?

A
  • Natural sources: organisms exhaling, natural fires, volcanoes
  • Man-made: cars, and factories, other man-made devices rhat burn stuff
33
Q

What are the 4 Greenhouse Gases?

A
  • Water Vapour
  • Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
  • Methane (CH4)
  • Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
34
Q

How does this greenhouse outcome work?

A
  • When the radiant energy from the Sun reaches the Earth`s surface a lot it is reflecteed back into space.
  • The Sun`s rays are kept by the air so the Earth is warmed.
35
Q

Why is it comparable to a greenhouse?

A

Although a tiny bit of the energy is trapped near the Earths surface by a coating of gases which reacts like the glass in the air. The roof a greenhouse is glass, so it is transparent like the atmosphere. The suns rays enter and get kept interior in the greenhouse.

36
Q

What is the enhanced greenhouse effect?

A

The enhanced greenhouse effect is the theory which individual jobs such as fossil fuels and clearing land which are bestowing the enhanced greenhouse effect.
It is natural, although when enhanced by people-added greenhouse gases, more sunlight is kept generating even warmer temperatures.

37
Q

What are the overall outcome of the enhanced greenhouse effect on the planet?

A
  • Increased temperatures adding to global warming
38
Q

What are few possible results this enhanced greenhouse effect may lead to?

A
  • Global Warming
  • Climate Change
  • Violent Storms
  • Flooding of the Coastal Areas from the melting ice cap
  • Greater speed of diseases because of additional insects.
39
Q

How can carbon dioxide emission be minimized?

A
  • Windmill farms instead of burning fossil fuels
  • Some projects which involve forest: Growing trees which soak up carbon dioxide.
  • Let public transportation be increased.
40
Q

What does NOx stand for?

A

Nitrogen Oxides

41
Q

What is CO2 stand for?

A

Carbon DIoxide

42
Q

What is O3 stand for?

A

Ozone

43
Q

What does ozone layer mean?

A

Layer high up in the air which absorbs the ultraviolet light so that on the Earth we do not get radiation from the dangerous rays.

44
Q

Where is it found?

A

High up in the atmosphere natural hsape of ozone 15 to 30 km above the Earth`s surface.

45
Q

What are the not so good influence of this layer growing thinner?

A
  • More Ultraviolet strikes, more cancer may happen

- More plankton dies, so when then animals that chew plankton also die.

46
Q

What does CFC stand for?

A

Chlorofluorocarbons

47
Q

What are the results on the ozone layer?

A
  • They damage it
  • Chlorine atoms reacts with ozone to make ozone to make oxygen
  • 1 chlorine atom remove 100 000 ozone molecules
  • Intense cold makes it go quick
48
Q

How are countries minimizing CFC (chlorofluorocarbons) emissions?

A
  • They have signed international agreements on reducing the use of these chemicals.
  • Monitored substances
49
Q

How is carbon monoxide manufactured?

A
  • When chemicals involving carbon burn, it makes carbon monoxide when there is not enough oxygen to make carbon dioxide. If there is enough oxygen, it makes Carbon Dioxide not Carbon Monoxide.
50
Q

What does CO stand for?

A

Carbon Monoxide

51
Q

What are 4 sources of Carbon Monoxide?

A
  • Furnaces
  • Cars
  • Industrial Processes
  • Forest Fires
  • Fire Places
52
Q

What are issues that carbon monoxide presents to individuals?

A

Minimize the amount of oxygen that blood can carry so you get headaches, sleepy, chest pains, brain damage etc.

53
Q

How can CO (Carbon Monoxide) be minimized?

A
  • They use catalytic converters.
54
Q

What is ppm?

A

The concentration of chemicals in the environment is measured.

55
Q

What does ppm stand for?

A

It stands for parts per million or another word for it is milligrams per litre

56
Q

What is the formula for ppm?

A

(volume of chemical)
——————————— x 1 000 000
(volume of solution) (chemical + the water)

57
Q

How can air quality be determined?

A
  • level of pollutants

- estimating the amount of emissions

Science 9 Unit C - Environmental Chemistry (4 decks)

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