Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Topic 2: The cell cycle and cell growth, death and differentiation > Flashcards

Topic 2: The cell cycle and cell growth, death and differentiation Flashcards

Unit 1 Aos1

1
Q

adult stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells obtained from various sources and capable of differentiating into related cell types; also known as somatic stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

anaphase

A

stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the spindle fibre within a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

apoptosis

A

the programmed death of cells that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

apoptosome

A

a large protein formed during apoptosis; its formation triggers a series of events that leads to apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

apoptotic body

A

vesicle containing parts of a dying cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

asexual

A

reproduction that only requires one parent, leading to the production of a clone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

binary fission

A

process of cell multiplication in bacteria and other unicellular organisms in which there is no formation of spindle fibres and no chromosomal condensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

blebs

A

bulges of the cell membrane created as the cytoskeleton of the cell breaks down; these break off to form apoptotic bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cancer

A

a disease in which cells divide in an uncontrolled manner, forming an abnormal mass of cells called a tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

caspases

A

protease enzymes that break down proteins during apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

caspase cascade

A

a group of proteins that are sequentially activated to bring about apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cell-based therapies

A

the use of stem cells in the treatment of human disorders or conditions to repair the mechanisms of disease initiation or progression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cell cycle

A

the series of events of cell growth and reproduction that results in two daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cell division

A

division of a cell into two genetically identical daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cell elongation

A

any permanent increase in size of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

centrioles

A

a pair of small cylindrical organelles, used in spindle development in animal cells during cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

centromere

A

the position where the chromatids are held together in a chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

chromatid

A

one of two identical threads in a replicated DNA molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

chromatin

A

a mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

chromosome

A

a thread-like structure composed of DNA and protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

crypts

A

tube-like depressions of the mucosa located in the intestine and the site of glandular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

cytochrome c

A

a protein that has a role in the formation of ATP in mitochondria; its leakage from the mitochondria leads to apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm occurring after mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

death receptor

A

receptors on the surface of the cell that, when activated, lead to apoptosis of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
dermis
underlying part of the skin
26
differentiation
the process by which cells, tissues and organs acquire specialised features
27
ectoderm
the most external primary germ or cell layer that differentiates into epithelial tissue, which covers the outer surfaces of the body
28
embryo
early stage of a developing organism; in humans this includes the first eight weeks of development
29
embryonic stem cell (ESC)
an undifferentiated cell obtained from early embryonic tissue that is capable of differentiating into many cell types
30
endoderm
the innermost primary germ layer that differentiates into digestive lining and organs like the lungs
31
epicormic shoot
growth occurring from dormant buds under the bark after crown foliage is destroyed
32
epidermis
the outer layer of cells; in human skin it consists of three layers (outer region of dead cells, layers of living keratinocytes, and a basal layer of melanocytes and constantly dividing stem cells)
33
ethical issue
a problem or situation that requires a person or organisation to choose between alternatives that must be evaluated as right (ethical) or wrong (unethical)
34
exponential growth
population growth that follows a J-shaped curve but cannot continue indefinitely
35
extrinsic
coming from outside
36
fungal spore
microscopic biological particle that allows fungi to reproduce asexually
37
G1 checkpoint
a check that occurs during G1 of interphase that makes sure the DNA is not damaged and is ready to undergo replication
38
G1 stage of interphase
the first stage of interphase in the cell cycle where the cell grows, increasing the amount of cell cytosol
39
G2 checkpoint
a check that occurs during G2 of interphase where the replicated DNA of the cell is checked for completeness and lack of damage; if the cell passes this checkpoint, it can then advance to mitosis
40
G2 stage of interphase
the third stage of interphase where proteins are synthesised and the cell continues to grow in preparation for division
41
growth
the process of increasing in size
42
hyphae
long, branching, filamentous structures of a fungus that make up mycelium; singular = hypha
43
induced pluripotent stem cell (IPSC)
a stem cell that has been genetically reprogrammed to return to an undifferentiated embryonic state
44
interphase
a stage in the cell cycle that is a period of cell growth and DNA synthesis
45
intrinsic
coming from inside
46
kinetochore
a special attachment site of a chromatid by which it links to a spindle fibre
47
ligand
a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose, such as the production of a signal upon binding to a signal
48
M checkpoint
a check that occurs during mitosis where the connection between chromatid and spindle fibres is checked and corrected
49
melanocytes
the pigment-producing cells in the basal layer of the epidermis
50
melanoma
cancer derived from the pigment-producing cells (melanocytes)
51
meristem
plant tissue found in tips of roots and shoots and made of unspecialised cells that can reproduce by mitosis
52
meristematic tissue
plant tissue found in tips of roots and shoots that is made of unspecialised cells that can reproduce by mitosis
53
mesoderm
the middle primary germ layer that differentiates into various tissues and organs, including the heart
54
metaphase
stage of mitosis during which chromosomes align around the equator of a cell
55
metastasis
a process where malignant tumours spread throughout the body
56
migrate
to move from one part of something to another
57
mitosis
process involved in the production of new cells genetically identical with the original cell; an essential process in asexual reproduction
58
multipotent
a cell that can differentiate into a number of closely related cell types
59
oligopotent
a cell that has the ability to differentiate into a few different cell types
60
oncogene
a gene that signals cells to continue dividing
61
p53
a protein that is coded for by a gene of the same name and regulates the cell cycle, hence functioning as a tumour suppressor
62
parthenote
potential source of embryonic stem cells, derived from unfertilised human eggs that are artificially stimulated to begin development
63
pluripotent
a cell that can differentiate into many different cell types
64
procreation
the production of offspring
65
prophase
stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes contract and become visible, the nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate and the spindle forms
66
proto-oncogene
a gene that leads to the production of proteins which initiate the cell cycle
67
psoriasis
chronic autoimmune condition in which skin cells are overproduced, resulting in raised patches of red, inflamed skin, often covered in a crust of small silvery scales
68
regenerative medicine
an experimental field of research involving stem cells in medicine that raises promise for the treatment of degenerative conditions and severe trauma injuries
69
repair
to restore something damaged or faulty to a good condition
70
replication
copying or reproducing something
71
rhizoids
fine, root-like structures present in some plants, such as mosses
72
S stage of interphase
the stage where the parent cell replicates its DNA; at the end of the S stage the parent cell contains two identical copies of its original DNA
73
septum
a wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones
74
somatic stem cells
undifferentiated cells obtained from various sources and capable of differentiating into related cell types; also known as adult stem cells
75
specialisation
the adaptation of something for a specific function
76
spindle
fine protein fibres that form between the poles of a cell during mitosis and to which chromosomes become attached
77
spindle fibres
clusters of microtubules, composed of the contractile protein actin, that grow out from the centrioles at opposite ends of a spindle
78
telophase
stage of mitosis in which new nuclear membranes form around the separated groups of chromosomes
79
therapeutic cloning
cloning carried out to create an embryo from which stem cells can be harvested
80
totipotent
a cell that is able to give rise to all different cell types
81
tumour-suppressor gene
a type of gene that produces a protein that signals for cells to stop dividing
82
unipotent
a cell that has the ability to produce only cells of their own type

Biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions