Topic 1- Cell function and structure

Question 1

What is an organism?

Answer 1

Any living creature.

Question 2

What is a cell?

Answer 2

The basic functional unit of all organisms.

Question 3

What is cell theory?

Answer 3

The theory that all living things are made of cells. All cells are made from other cells. Cells are the most basic unit of life.

Question 4

What is a prokaryote?

Answer 4

Any cell or organism without a membrane-bound nucleus.

Question 5

What is a eukaryote?

Answer 5

Any cell or organism with a membrane-bound nucleus.

Question 6

What is a membrane-bound organelle?

Answer 6

An organelle that has a membrane surrounding it.

Question 7

What is an organelle?

Answer 7

Any specialised structure that performs a specific function.

Question 8

What is a nucleus?

Answer 8

In eukaryotic cells, a membrane-bound organelle containing the genetic material.

Question 9

What is DNA?

Answer 9

Deoxyribonucleic acid, containing the four bases — adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.

Question 10

What are bacteria?

Answer 10

A group of prokaryotes that can reproduce by binary fission.

Question 11

What are archaea?

Answer 11

A group of prokaryotes that live in extreme environments; also known as extremophiles.

Question 12

What is cytosol?

Answer 12

The aqueous part of the cell.

Question 13

What is a capsule?

Answer 13

A polysaccharide layer outside the cell membrane for protection.

Question 14

What is a cell wall?

Answer 14

A semi-rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria.

Question 15

What is a cell (plasma) membrane?

Answer 15

A partially permeable boundary of a cell separating it from its physical surroundings.

Question 16

What is a ribosome?

Answer 16

An organelle containing RNA that is the major site of protein production in cells.

Question 17

What is a plasmid?

Answer 17

A small ring of DNA found in prokaryotes.

Question 18

What are cilia?

Answer 18

In eukaryote cells, whip-like structures formed by extensions of the plasma membrane involved in synchronised movement.

Question 19

What are flagella?

Answer 19

Whip-like cell organelles involved in movement.

Question 20

What is cytoplasm?

Answer 20

Formed by cell organelles, excluding the nucleus, and the cytosol.

Question 21

What is Mitochondria

Answer 21

Site of cellular respiration and ATP production

Question 22

What is Chloroplast

Answer 22

The site of photosynthesis in plant cells, containing chlorophyll

Question 23

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 23

It is involved in the synthesis and transport of proteins. Covered in ribosomes

Question 24

Smooth ER

Answer 24

It is involved in the synthesis of lipids (fats), detoxification of drugs and toxins, and storage of calcium ions in muscle cells.

Question 25

Lysosome

Answer 25

An organelle containing digestive enzymes to break down waste

Question 26

Define Exocytosis

Answer 26

bulk transport out of cells requiring ATP energy. Can be further defined into Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis.

Question 27

Define Simple Diffusion across membranes

Answer 27

passive diffusion down a concentration gradient straight through the membrane.

Question 28

Define Facilitated Diffusion across membranes

Answer 28

passive diffusion down a concentration gradient straight through the membrane using transport proteins.

Question 29

Hydrophobic vs Hydrophilic

Answer 29

Hydrophilic substances can be dissolved in water and hydrophobic can't.

Question 30

What is the cytoskeleton

Answer 30

3D framework that provides support in eukaryotic cells

Question 31

Centrioles

Answer 31

Role in cell replication

Question 32

Osmosis

Answer 32

net movement of water molecules down a concentration gradient of water.

Question 33

What do proteins do in cell reception

Answer 33

sends signals to molecules

Question 34

What is endosymbiosis

Answer 34

one organism lives in another host organism

Question 35

Lysis

Answer 35

Swelling in Animal cells

Question 36

Turgid

Answer 36

Swelling in Plant cells

Question 37

Crenated

Answer 37

Shriveling in animal cells

Question 38

Plasmolysis

Answer 38

Shriveling in plant cells

Question 39

Endocytosis

Answer 39

Bulk transport of substances into cell using ATP

Question 40

Structure of Phospholipid

Answer 40

Phosphate-group hydrophilic head, lipid hydrophobic tail

Question 41

Golgi Body

Answer 41

Packages substances into vesicles for export from cell

Question 42

Vesicles

Answer 42

Membrane-bound organelles used for transport

Question 43

Endosymbiotic Theory

Answer 43

Some membrane-bound organelles used to be individual microbes. e.g. chloroplasts and mitochondria.

Question 44

Solute vs Solvent

Answer 44

Solute dissolves into Solvent

Question 45

Difference of between Fungi and Plant Cell Walls

Answer 45

Fungi= Chitin, Plant= Glucose

Question 46

Channel vs Carrier Proteins

Answer 46

Channel= always open, passive, Carriers= passive or active, binds then changes shape, gated.

Question 47

What effect does SA:V ratio have on cells.

Answer 47

The higher the ratio the smaller the cell and the more efficient diffusion of substances into and out of the cell.

Question 48

Vacuole

Answer 48

Plant cells only, store nutrients, minerals, waste disposals, pigments

Question 49

How do proteins engage in enzymatic activities?

Answer 49

break apart molecules by breaking their bonds apart.

Question 50

How do Proteins Anchor

Answer 50

Connect collagen fibers, peptidoglycan filaments to link to other cells.

Question 51

Active transport

Answer 51

Diffusion up a concentration gradient that uses ATP

Question 52

How does Protein Pump work?

Answer 52

Molecule binds to Pump. Pump uses ATP to change shape and lets molecule through.

Question 53

How are Proteins involved in cell identity?

Answer 53

Glycoproteins and Antigens tagged to be 'safe cells'

Question 54

What does life need to survive?

Answer 54

1.energy source 2. Liquid water 3. Building blocks to make necessary molecules 4. Stable environment

Question 55

Cytosol

Answer 55

Jelly like fluid in cells to hold all contents