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chemistry > topic 2 - states of matter > Flashcards

topic 2 - states of matter Flashcards

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1
Q

Arrangement of particles in different states of matter:

A

Solid: regular
Liquid: random
Gas: random

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2
Q

Particle movement in different states of matter:

A

Solid: fixed position, can vibrate
Liquid: move around each other, still connected
Gas: moves quickly in all directions

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3
Q

Relative energy in particles of different states of matter:

A

Solid: Low
Liquid: Medium
Gas: High

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4
Q

What are physical changes?

A

Changes between states of matter

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5
Q

Solid —> Liquid

A

Melting

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6
Q

Liquid —> Gas

A

Boiling/ Evaporating

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7
Q

Gas —> Liquid

A

Condensing

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8
Q

Liquid —> Gas

A

Freezing

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9
Q

Stages of melting and boiling:

A
  1. Substance heats up
  2. Particles gain energy
  3. Forces between particles weaken
  4. Particles break free from positions
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10
Q

Stages of condensing and freezing:

A
  1. Substance cools down
  2. Particles lose energy
  3. Forces between particles strengthen
  4. Particles held in position
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11
Q

What is a pure substance?

A

A substance containing only one element or compound. In everyday use it means clean or natural.

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12
Q

What is a mixture?

A

An impure substance, made up of different elements or compounds that aren’t chemically bonded together

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13
Q

Difference between physical changes and chemical reactions

A

Physical changes: don’t alter what a substance is made of, only it’s state
Chemical reactions: create new substances by rearranging atoms

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14
Q

Predict the physical state of a substance under specified conditions, given suitable data

A

Using data like temperature and pressure we can predict whether a substance is a solid liquid or gas under specific conditions

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15
Q

How do you use melting point data to distinguish between pure substances and mixtures

A

Pure substances have a sharp boiling/melting point. Whereas mixtures melt gradually over a range of different temperatures.

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16
Q

Fractional distillation (equipment/ purpose)

A

Equipment: mixture of liquids, fractioning column, thermometer, condenser
Purpose: similar to simple distillation separates substances with closer BP’s using a fractionating column for better separation

17
Q

Simple distillation (equipment/ purpose)

A

Equipment: solution, thermometer, condenser, beaker
Purpose: Separates substances with differing BP’s by heating and collecting the vapours of lower boiling components

18
Q

Filtration (equipment/ purpose)

A

Equipment: filter paper, solution, beaker
Purpose: used to separate solid products, or purify a liquid by removing insoluble impurities

19
Q

Crystallisation (equipment/ purpose)

A

Equipment: source of heat (Bunsen burner), solution
Purpose: separates soluble salts from solution by cooling, separating dissolved solids

20
Q

Paper chromatography (equipment/ purpose)

A

Equipment: filter paper, pencil, mixture, watch glass, solvent
Purpose: used to separate a mixture of soluble substances

21
Q

When should you use distillation?

A

Different boiling points, or volatile substances

22
Q

When to use filtration?

A

Solid- liquid separation

23
Q

When should you use crystallisation?

A

If a component forms crystals in a solvent

24
Q

When should you use chromatography?

A

Different solubilities

25
Q

How can waste/ ground water be made potable?

A
  1. Mesh - removes large debris
  2. Sand/ gravel filtration - removes smaller solids
  3. Sedimentation - iron (or aluminium) sulfate is added to water, making fine particles clump together
  4. Chlorination - chlorine gas is bubbled through to kill harmful bacteria and microbes
26
Q

How can sea water be made potable?

A

By using distillation (boiling the water to separate it from dissolved salts), however this uses a lot of energy so is mainly used in areas without much fresh water

27
Q

Why must water used in analysis not contain salts?

A
  • could interfere with measurements as salts can react with substances being analysed
  • could damage equipment because of salt residue left in equipment
  • salt could cause unwanted reactions to happen depending on the substance being analysed

chemistry (6 decks)

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