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T1 PATHOLOGY > Topic 2 - Stages of Development > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Stages of Development Flashcards

1
Q

A time period known as __________ that starts with fertilization. The cells divide continuously over the course of 2 weeks.

A

Conception

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2
Q

When the sperm unites with the ovum and produces a zygote.

A

Fertilization

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3
Q

A mass of 12 to 16 cells that form within 72 hours of conception. It travels down the fallopian tube with peristaltic movements.

A

Morula (aka. Mulberry)

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4
Q

The morula enters the uterus and divides into a __________ within 3 to 6 days of conception.

A

Blastocyst

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5
Q

What are the 2 parts of a blastocyst?

A

1) Trophoblast
2) Embryoblast

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6
Q

Make up the outer border of a blastocyst and this will form the placenta.

A

Trophoblast

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7
Q

Make up the inner mass of a blastocyst and this will form the embryo.

A

Embryoblast

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8
Q

The _________ period occurs from 2 to 8 weeks. There is an increase in cell numbers and elaboration of cell product.

A

Embryonic

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9
Q

What are the 3 germ layers that develop during the embryonic period that all organs and structures of the body will be derived from?

A

1) Ectoderm
2) Mesoderm
3) Endoderm

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10
Q

Development of form and massive cell movement.

A

Morphogenesis

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11
Q

A period of _____ development occurring at 3 weeks of the embryonic period. There is development of the _________/axial skeleton arising from the mesoderm layer.

A

Rapid
Notochord

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12
Q

Primitive heart development starts at this stage, arising from the mesoderm layer, occurring at ____ weeks. Neural plates & folds, which arise from a thickened portion of the ectoderm layer, form a closed neural tube which will house the ____________. Limb buds and optic pits also form.

A

4

Spinal Cord

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13
Q

A condition where a portion of the neural tube fails to develop or close properly, causing defects in the spinal cord and in the bones of the spine. It can range from mild to severe and when early treatment is necessary, it is done surgically but doesn’t always resolve the issue.

A

Spina Bifida

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14
Q

When does Spina Bifida occur?

A

24th-27th day closure of the spine

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15
Q

A congenital heart defect when a valve doesn’t close properly

A

Heart Murmur

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16
Q

The time period when upper limbs form is ____ weeks

A

6

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17
Q

The time period when digits form and intestines enter the umbilical cord and start developing from there is ____ weeks

A

7

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18
Q

Occurs when part of the intestine sticks out through the opening in the embryo’s abdominal muscles through which the umbilical cord passes. It is very common and typically harmless

A

Umbilical Herniation

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19
Q

The time period when the fetus is considered “human-like” and eyes open and eyelids/ears are present is ____ weeks

A

8

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20
Q

Time period from 9 weeks until birth (38-40 weeks)

A

Fetal Period

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21
Q

When centres of the skull and long bones undergo ________, external genitalia forms, liver becomes the site of RBC production, and kidneys become functional by turning urine into amniotic fluid. Growth and differentiation of the body and organ systems occurs at ____ weeks. Fetal head growth ________ and body length growth ________.

A

Ossification
12
Slows
Accelerates

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22
Q

Ossification of the skeleton, scalp hair patterning, and differentiation of ovaries occurs during the ______ week

A

13-16th

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23
Q

Fine hair called ________ and creamy biofilm called ____________ is produced during the ______ week. Eyebrows, hair, and ________ fat is also present during this time period.

A

Lanugo
Vernix Caseosa
17-20th
Brown

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24
Q

The first hair to be produced by the fetal hair follicles and is very soft and usually unpigmented. It is normally shed before birth (around ______ months of gestation), but is sometimes present at birth and will disappear on its own within a few days/weeks.

A

Lanugo

7-8

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25
Q

A white, creamy, naturally occurring biofilm covering the skin of the fetus

A

Vernix Caseosa

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26
Q

Occurs on the neonatal skin and protects the newborn skin as well as facilitates extra-uterine adaptation of skin in the first postnatal week if not washed away after birth

A

Vernix Coating

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27
Q

Main function is to turn food into body heat and human newborns and hibernating mammals have high levels of this “good” fat.

A

Brown Fat

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28
Q

Time period of weight gain, rapid eye movement, and startle reflex during the ______ week

A

21-25th

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29
Q

Time period when the respiratory system matures, breathing movements are detected, and there is a higher chance of survival if born prematurely. Occurs during the ______ week.

A

26-29th

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30
Q

Time period when the presence of white fat becomes apparent happens during the ______ week

A

30-34th

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31
Q

At week ____, the fetus is able to grasp and pupillary light reflex develops. Considered premature by date, not by weight if born during this week.

A

35

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32
Q

Ideally occurs 40 weeks after last menstrual period (266 days or 38 weeks after conception). Time period where there is a risk of cerebral palsy and birth injuries.

A

Birth

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33
Q

A group of disorders that affect a person’s ability to move and maintain balance/posture

A

Cerebral Palsy

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34
Q

Occurs when there is brain damage before, after, or at birth from infections/trauma during pregnancy or birth. Could result from stroke in the womb, for example.

A

Congenital Cerebral Palsy

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35
Q

Most common type of cerebral palsy in children (75% - 85% of the time) where muscles are stiff, resulting in awkward movements

A

Spastic Cerebral Palsy

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36
Q

Begins to babble, brings hand to mouth, and first smile

A

3 Months

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37
Q

Babbles chains of sounds, can tell emotions by tone of voice, develops full colour vision, responds to own name, and transfers object from hand to hand

A

7 Months

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38
Q

Bangs two objects together, crawls forward on belly, cries when parent leaves, finds objects even when hidden under 2-3 covers, finger feeds themself, reaches sitting position without help, responds to “no,” able to say simple words, and walks holding onto furniture

A

1 Year

39
Q

Begins make-believe play, running, shows defiant behaviour, sorts by shape/colour, says 2-4 sentences, turns over container to pour out contents, walks alone, and up/down stairs holding onto support

A

2 Years

40
Q

Can ride a tricycle, expresses affection openly, and sorts objects by shape/colour

A

3 Years

41
Q

Cooperates with other children, uses scissors, and walks up/down stairs without support

A

4 Years

42
Q

Dresses/undresses without help and uses a fork/spoon (sometimes knife) to eat

A

5 Years

43
Q

Produced by the CDC and are used by medical professionals to see if children are developing properly and the ____ percentile is considered about average

A

Growth Charts

50th

44
Q

The ______ of growth is more important to a child’s health than growth percentiles

A

Rate

45
Q

The ideal birth weight of an infant is ________

A

3-4 kg (6.6-8.8 lbs)

46
Q

A low birth weight of an infant is ________

A

< 2.5 kg (5.5 lbs)

47
Q

The ideal gestational age is ______ weeks

A

38-42

48
Q

Used to evaluate the health of the newborn and is usually performed only twice (1 minute and 5 minutes after birth). If there are concerns, a third test will be performed 10 minutes after birth.

A

APGAR Score

49
Q

What are the 5 things APGAR check for?

A

1) Appearance
2) Pulse
3) Grimace
4) Activity
5) Respiration

50
Q

Part of the APGAR score that relates to skin colour and checks for no clue colour, as that would signal lack of circulation/oxygen

A

Appearance

51
Q

Part of the APGAR score that refers to heart rate and checks for over 100 beats per minute

A

Pulse

52
Q

Part of the APGAR score that relates to reflex and checks for crying on stimulation

A

Grimace

53
Q

Part of the APGAR score that relates to muscle tone and checks for flexed limbs that resist extension

A

Activity

54
Q

Part of the APGAR score that refers to breathing rate and effort and checks for a strong cry indicating that they can breathe

A

Respiration

55
Q

Yellowing of the skin and eyes that is a sign of too much bilirubin in the baby’s blood because there organs aren’t able to get rid of the excess very well yet. Usually appears about ____ hours after birth and gets worse until day 3-4, then goes away in about a week.

A

Jaundice

24

56
Q

Produced by the breakdown of old red blood cells and hemoglobin

A

Bilirubin

57
Q

The average length of labour for the first baby is ____ hours. The average length of labour for the next baby is ____ hours.

A

14

8

58
Q

What are the 3 types of abnormal presentation involving breech?

A

1) Complete Breech
2) Frank Breech
3) Footling Breech

59
Q

A type of breech involving the buttocks first with the hips and knees in flexion

A

Complete Breech

60
Q

A type of breech where only the hips are flexed

A

Frank Breech

61
Q

A type of breech involving one or both feet

A

Footling Breech

62
Q

When nerves between the neck and shoulders are stretched, compressed, or torn during birth

A

Brachial Plexus Injuries

63
Q

Results in partial or full paralysis of the arm, often accompanied by loss of sensation

A

Erb’s Palsy (C5-C6)

64
Q

Paralysis of the forearm and hand and is rare in babies

A

Klumpke’s Palsy (C8-T1)

65
Q

Unexplained death, usually during sleep, of a seemingly healthy baby less than a year old that is also known as “crib death.” Some risk factors include sleeping on side/stomach, on a soft surface, low birth weight, and overheating.

A

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

66
Q

Refers to the first 4 weeks after birth and babies are susceptible to becoming colic

A

Newborn/Neonatal Period

67
Q

Otherwise known as the “rule of three,” which means symptoms appear more than 3 hours/day, 3 days/week, and for 3 weeks. Symptoms include inconsolable crying and paroxysmal abdominal pain/cramping usually due to feeding issues.

A

Colic

68
Q

Colic will resolve at ______ months of age

A

3-4

69
Q

Occurs from 12 months to 4 years old and is considered a large period of growth and development involving locomotion, coordinated movement, and language

A

Early Childhood

70
Q

Occurs from 5-12 years old and involves coordinated movement, language skills, and problem-solving ability continues to develop

A

Middle/Late Childhood

71
Q

Occurs from 11/12 years old to 18-21 years old and involves puberty and sexual maturation. A growth spurt in girls happens from ______ years old and a growth spurt in boys happens at ____ years old until ______ years old.

A

Adolescence
9-14
13
18-20

72
Q

What are some common concerns during adolescence?

A

Injury, suicide, cancer, risky sexual behaviour/pregnancy, and substance abuse

73
Q

The part of the brain that is responsible for critical thinking, judgement, and moderating social behaviour/executive function. Not fully matured in adolescence.

A

Prefrontal Cortex

74
Q

Occurs from 65 years and older and includes common health problems like skin and tissue changes, as well as stature and musculoskeletal function

A

Older Adult

75
Q

A decrease in muscle mass that is dependant on osteoporosis

A

Sarcopenia

76
Q

A decrease in bone mass that is dependant on sarcopenia

A

Osteoporosis

77
Q

Typically happens for women in their late 40s to early 50s and can increase the likelihood of a number of conditions, such as high blood pressure

A

Menopause

78
Q

Older adults can experience issues with blood pressure, coronary artery disease, varicosities, and CCHF, which affects their ____________

A

Cardiovascular Status

79
Q

Complications of persistent high ____________ can negatively affect the heart, kidneys, and brain

A

Blood Pressure

80
Q

Plaque build up on the arteries, also referred to as atherosclerosis

A

Coronary Artery Disease

81
Q

Valves in the veins are not functioning, which leads to blood pooling and veins bulging

A

Varicosities

82
Q

Long term failure of the heart

A

Chronic Congestive Heart Failure (CCHF)

83
Q

Older adults are more likely to develop conditions like pneumonia, bronchitis, and COPD, which affects their ____________

A

Respiratory Function

84
Q

Umbrella term used to describe progressive lung diseases

A

Pulmonary Disease

85
Q

Older adults can experience conditions like depression, dementia, delirium, and dysmetria, which affects their ____________

A

Neurological Function

86
Q

A general decline in mental abilities overall and can be caused by a number of different conditions and diseases

A

Dementia

87
Q

The most common kind of dementia, accounting for over 64% of all cases

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

88
Q

The second most common kind of dementia

A

Vascular Dementia

89
Q

Comes on abruptly, doesn’t last as long as dementia, and is considered an acute illness

A

Delirium

90
Q

Older adults tend to deal with sight and hearing loss, contributing to ____________

A

Sensory Changes

91
Q

Older adults are more at risk for developing pneumonia, the flu, and opportunistic infections, which affects their ____________

A

Immune Function

92
Q

Older adults can develop conditions such as dry mouth or diabetes, which affects their ____________

A

Gastrointestinal Function

93
Q

____________ includes onset of diabetes, cardiovascular/HBP complications, and general failure in adults

A

Renal Function

T1 PATHOLOGY (6 decks)

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