Topic 1 - Concepts of Health & Disease Flashcards
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.
Health
Primary role is to direct and coordinate international health within the United Nations system. Its main areas of work are health systems, health through the life-course, non-communicable & communicable diseases, preparedness, surveillance & response and corporate services.
World Health Organization (WHO - 1948)
The decision-making body of the WHO, comprised of health ministers from member states, who determine the WHO’s policies and approve the programme budget.
World Health Assembly (WHA - 1977)
Where is the Health Assembly held annually?
Geneva, Switzerland
Every 10 years (since 1979), the US Department of ______ & _____ ________ sets data-driven national objectives to improve health and well-being over the next decade.
US Department of Health & Human Services
The conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning and quality-of-life outcomes and risks.
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
The overarching goals of _______ ______ ____ include:
- Attain healthy, thriving lives and well-being free of preventable disease, disability, injury and premature death
- Eliminate health disparities, achieve health equity and attain health literacy to improve the health and well-being of all
- Create social, physical and economic environments that promote attaining the full potential for health and well-being for all
- Promote healthy development, healthy behaviours and well-being across all life stages
- Engage leadership, key constituents and the public across multiple sectors to take action and design policies that improve the health and well-being of all
Healthy People 2030
The main Government of Canada agency responsible for public health in Canada.
Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)
______ ______ ______ of ______ services and information provided include:
- Public Health Notices
- Chronic Diseases
- Travel Health
- Food Safety
- Immunization & Vaccines
- Biosafety & Biosecurity
- Emergency Preparedness & Response
- Injury Prevention
- Health Promotion
Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)
Under the Canadian constitution, health care falls largely under the authority of the _________. Only the provincial government has the power to pass laws governing the financing and delivery of health services to the majority of Canadians.
Provinces
______ ______ in Ontario is under the responsibility of the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care.
Public Health
What are the 3 main focuses of Ontario’s public health programs?
1) Prevention
2) Screening
3) Education
Public health programs are delivered across the province by ___ public health units.
36
Government health agencies that are set up by one or more municipalities to provide community health programs and these programs are carried out by full-time, specially qualified staff.
Public Health Units
Runs a public health unit and reports to a local board of health, which is largely made up of elected representatives from the local municipal councils. The ministry shares the cost of public health programs with the municipalities.
Medical Officer of Health
An interruption, cessation or disorder of a body system or organ structure that is characterized by a recognized etiologic agent, an identifiable group of signs and symptoms or consistent anatomic alterations.
Disease
The study of disease process affecting the physiological functions of the body.
Pathophysiology
The study of the nature and cause of disease, which involves changes in structures and function.
Pathology
A microorganism that causes a disease.
Pathogen
A disease or abnormal condition can involve _____ changes at the organ or system level, and/or microscopic changes at the cellular level.
Gross
Performed on living tissue by pathology laboratory studies to establish the cause of a disease. Involves a small amount of tissue being excised and then examined.
Biopsy
A biopsy that is performed after death and is often referred to as a post-mortem examination.
Autopsy
The study of the causative factors in a particular disease and there may be one or many causative factors.
Etiology
Fill in the blanks for the recognized etiological agents:
1) __________ agents (e.g. bacteria, viruses)
2) ________ trauma (e.g. trauma, burns, radiation)
3) ________ agents (e.g. poisons, alcohol)
4) ___________ excesses and deficits
Biological
Physical
Chemical
Nutritional
Term used to describe when a disease is present at birth.
Congenital
Term used to describe when a disease surfaces later in life.
Acquired
Term used when the cause of the disease is unknown.
Idiopathic
Term used when a treatment, procedure or error may cause a disease.
Iatrogenic
Factors that indicate a risk for a disease.
Predisposing Factors
The following are all examples of ____________ factors.
- Race
- Age
- Sex
- Socioeconomic status
- Nutrition
- Weight
- Blood glucose levels
- Smoking
- Activity
Predisposing Factors
Elements that cause or contribute to the occurrence of a disorder versus causing the disorder itself.
Precipitating Factors
The following are all examples of common _____________ factors of asthma attacks.
- Mold
- Pet dander
- Dust mites
- Colds
- Strong smells
- Pollen
- Cockroaches
- Weather
- Smoke
- Exercise
Precipitating
__________ of disease is closely linked to etiology and predisposing factors for a specific disease.
Prevention
A type of prevention measure that includes vaccination, safety equipment, staying active/fit and removing risk factors.
Primary Prevention
A type of prevention measure that detects disease early when it’s still asymptomatic and treatment measures can affect a cure or stop it from progressing.
Secondary Prevention
A type of prevention measure that involves clinical intervention to prevent further deterioration or reduce the complications of disease once it has been diagnosed.
Tertiary Prevention
Refers to the sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with an etiological agent until the ultimate expression of disease.
Pathogenesis
The onset of disease can be _____ or _________.
Acute
Insidious
The onset of disease that is sudden and obvious, such as gastroenteritis with vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal cramps.
Acute
The onset of disease that has a gradual progression with vague or mild symptoms, such as hepatitis in some cases.
Insidious
Indicates a short-term illness that develops quickly with marked signs and symptoms.
Acute Disease
A milder condition which develops gradually. It persists for a long period of time, usually causes more permanent tissue damage and is sometimes marked by intermittent acute episodes.
Chronic Disease
The course or progress of a disease may be marked by __________ and _____________.
Remissions
Exacerbations
The manifestations of a disease subside during a _________.
Remission
The manifestations of a disease increase during an ____________.
Exacerbation
Exists in those conditions where pathological changes occur, but no obvious manifestations are exhibited by the patient, perhaps because of great reserve capacity of an organ.
Subclinical State
What are the 5 stages of an infectious disease?
1) Incubation Period
2) Prodromal Period
3) Acute/Clinical Stage
4) Convalescent/Carrier Stage
5) Resolution
An initial latent or silent stage. A time between exposure to the microorganism and the onset of signs and symptoms. Time period is variable and disease agent is communicable during this period.
Incubation Period
The time in the early development of disease when the body is undergoing changes, but signs and symptoms are non-specific.
Prodromal Period
The time of appearance of more specific signs and symptoms and includes the period of illness and decline.
Acute/Clinical Stage
The time when the individual harbours an organism, but does not have an active infection. This person can transmit the infection to others.
Convalescent/Carrier Stage
The time of total elimination of the pathogen without residual signs and symptoms of the disease.
Resolution
The clinical evidence of effect of a disease that can be local (found at the site of the problem) or systemic (involving multiple organ systems of the body).
Clinical Manifestations
Any perceptible change in the body or function that indicates disease or pathology. It is considered to be subjective, meaning the information is based on the patient’s personal perception of what they are feeling.
Symptom
Headache, fatigue, nausea and pain are examples of ________.
Symptoms
An objective indicator of a disease. A manifestation that is noted by an observer.
Sign
Fever, swelling, skin rash and high blood pressure are examples of _____.
Signs
May be related to the primary disorder or they may represent the body’s attempt to compensate for the altered function caused by the pathologic condition. Usually occurs together in response to certain conditions.
Signs/Symptoms (S/S)
A collection of signs/symptoms that often affect more than one organ and indicate the presence of a specific disorder.
Syndrome
Refers to the designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem. It usually requires a careful history, physical examination and sometimes additional diagnostic tests.
Diagnosis
Secondary or additional problems that arise after the original disease begins, such as the development of congestive heart failure following a heart attack.
Complications
Changes that massage therapists take into consideration, such as an ankle sprain causing hip issues due to limping.
Compensatory Factors
The potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition (disease or injury), such as paralysis following recovery from a stroke. It is an after-effect or consequence.
Sequelae
Treatment measures used to promote recovery or slow progress of a disease. These can include:
- Drug therapy
- Surgery
- Physiotherapy
- Massage therapy
Therapeutic Interventions
The period of recovery and return to the normal health state that may last for several days or months.
Convalescence (aka. Rehabilitation)
The likelihood of recovery, partial recovery or other outcomes.
Probability
Indicates the disease rates within a group. It is sometimes used to indicate the function impairment that certain conditions cause within a population.
Morbidity (Incidence / Population)
Indicates the relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease.
Mortality (Deaths / Population)
The study of disease occurrence in the human population and looks for patterns of persons affected with a particular disorder.
Epidemiology
Looks at when a disease happens and these findings help to determine how a disease is spread as well as how to control, prevent and eliminate a disease.
Epidemiologist
_________ and __________ are measures of disease frequency and disease occurrence. Both are typically reported as rates.
Incidence
Prevalence
_______ cases be either existing cases or newly diagnosed cases within a given period.
Disease
Refers to the number of new, old or pre-existing cases within a specific population and time period.
Prevalence (All Cases)
Reflects the number of new cases arising in a population at risk within a stated time period.
Incidence (New Cases)
Occur when there are higher than expected numbers of cases of an infectious disease within a given area.
Epidemic
Involve a higher number of cases in many regions of the globe.
Pandemic
Infections that can spread from one person to another.
Communicable Diseases
Must be reported by the physician to certain designated authorities to prevent further spread of disease. In Ontario, it would be to the Medical Officer of Health in the local public health unit.
Cases Requiring Notification (aka. Reportable Disease)
Examples of __________ diseases include:
- Measles
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Reportable
Refers to progression and projected outcome of the disease without medical intervention.
Natural History
The study of _______ _______ can be used to:
- Determine disease outcome
- Establish priorities for health care services
- Determine the effects of screening and early detection programs on disease outcomes
- Compare results of new treatments with the expected outcome without treatment
- Study prognosis
Natural History
Refers to the probable outcome and prospect of recovery from a disease and is often presented in relation to treatment options.
Prognosis
Removal of visible dust, soil, and other foreign material.
Cleaning
Reduction in microbial population on an inanimate object to a safe or relatively safe level.
Sanitizing (aka. Sanitization)
Removing disease-producing microorganisms and rendering objects safe for handling.
Decontamination
What are the 2 types of decontamination?
1) Disinfection
2) Sterilization
A type of decontamination that involves killing or destroying most disease-producing microorganisms. It is generally used on inanimate objects, and rarely kills all spores.
Disinfection
The 6 types of _____________ include:
- Alcohol
- Halogens
- Phenolic
- Ammonia Compounds
- Aldehydes
- Heat
Disinfectants
A disinfectant that kills fungi, bacteria (including TB) and eventually viruses. It is not effective on spores and is often used on thermometers and skin.
Alcohol
What are the 2 types of halogens?
1) Chlorine
2) Iodine
A halogen that is meant for bacteria and viruses (including Hep B/HIV). It is not effective on spores and is often used on toilets, bathtubs and laundry/hydrotherapy tanks. It commonly dilutes bleach 1:9 water.
Chlorine
A halogen that has a similar effect of chlorine and can be used on skin.
Iodine
A disinfectant that is meant for bacteria and viruses, but not spores. It is used on floors, walls and furnishings.
Phenolic
A disinfectant that is meant for bacteria and viruses, but not spores. It is used on floors and walls, but never on instruments.
Ammonia Compunds
A disinfectant that is considered a toxic substance and meant for bacteria, fungi, viruses as well as spores.
Aldehydes
A disinfectant that is used for washing, rinsing and boiling in water.
Heat
A type of decontamination that kills all forms of microorganisms (harmful or not), including bacteria, viruses, fungi and spores.
Sterilization
The 3 types of ___________ include:
- Thermal
- Irradiation
- Chemical
Sterilizers
What are the 2 types of thermal sterilizers?
1) Moist
2) Dry
A type of thermal sterilizer in which steam autoclave kills everything (121°C for 10-30 minutes).
Moist
A type of thermal sterilizer utilizing hot air oven (160°C for 60 minutes).
Dry
A sterilizer that includes UV light and ionizing.
Irradiation
A sterilizer that is generally unreliable.
Chemical
Used on living tissue and inhibits the growth of dangerous microorganisms.
Antiseptic
