Topic 2: Salt Flashcards
Lipids are made up of…
Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen
Carbohydrates are made up of…
Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen
Proteins are made up of…
Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen
What type of molecule makes up proteins
20 different naturally occurring kinds of Amino Acids
How are amino acids joined together
A condensation reaction (elimination of water) results in a peptide linkage
What is a peptide linkage?
an amide type of covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive alpha-amino acids from C1 (carbon number one) of one alpha-amino acid and N2 (nitrogen number two) of another
What is a peptide chain?
the repeated process of peptide linkages forming a long chain that turns into a protein
Protein primary structure?
just the amino acids lined up into a straight chain
the sequence of amino acids linked together to form a polypeptide chain.
What causes the Beta pleated sheet protein secondary structure?
Interactions with the peptide backbone as it overlaps, the side chains may interact with each other, ie. the hydrogen (partially positive) and oxygen (partially negative which forms a hydrogen bond
How many kinds of protein secondary structures are there?
2 main structures: beta-sheet (parallel and anti-parallel), alpha helix,
What causes the secondary structure of the alpha helix protein?
as the peptide backbone is twisted around, the different layers of the helix start to interact with each other
What causes Protein tertiary structure?
Side-chain interactions, eg. hydrophobic side-chain wants to avoid h2o
Quarternary protein structure?
multiple polypeptide chains
What is the general formula of carbohydrates?
Cx(H2O)y
What carbohydrates are considered simple sugars?
monosaccharide and disaccharide
What are polysaccharides?
formed by linking many monosaccharide units together.
What is an example of a DIGESTIBLE polysaccharide?
starch (digestible)
What is an example of an INDIGESTIBLE polysaccharide?
cellulose (indigestible, insoluble dietary fiber)
What is the difference between an alpha and beta linkage
the alpha linkage is formed when the OH group is below the carbon-1 ring plane whereas in the beta linkage, the OH group is above the carbon-1 ring plane
Which type of linkage (alpha or beta) is digestible?
alpha linkage
What is an example of a lipid?
triglyceride, molecules that make up fats and oils
What type of bonds make up triglycerides?
C-H and Ester ()
How are triglycerides formed?
glycerol and three fatty acid molecules (palmitic acid)
What effects does salt in food have?
flavor, preservation of food
What are salts effects on health
helps regulate water content (fluid balance) in our body, the sodium ion is used to help electro signaling in our nervous system, and < 5g of salt per day helps reduce blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and coronary heart attack, if over that it may instead increase the risks.
What is the purpose of adding salt when boiling beans?
There isn’t really a good reason, as the salt does little to change the boiling point, cooking times or flavor
What is it Brining?
Brining is a preparation method of soaking food in salt water (+ other seasonings) making the meat juicier before it is cooked
what is the dissolution process of salt
water molecules pull the Na+ (attracted to O atom) Cl- (attracted to H atom) ions apart and surround them
What happens when a meat is salted?
Through a process called diffusion, the salt moves from the surface to the inside. The dissolved salts make a highly concentrated solution in the
intercellular space, drawing out the water out of the cell through osmosis
What makes meat juicy if water is drawn out of the cell by the brine?
it is because the salt causes the proteins to denature (change from natural forms to unnatural) which has a better ability to hold water by coagulating into a gel (increases the temperature at which moisture loss will occur by 10 degrees)
How are salted eggs made?
salt diffuses into the egg through the shell, water is drawn out via osmosis. the salt aggregates the egg white proteins solidifying the egg.
