Topic 2 - Protest and reaction 1963-72 Flashcards
Describe the SDS (students for a democratic society)
aims
followers
protests (why, how many, where)
- New left, consists of young people - awaken people fro national ‘aparthy’
- Anti-veitnam war protest 1965 - Washington DC 25,000 protested
Hippies + woodstock
describe them
how long did they last
describe summer of love
counter culture ?
describe 1969 New York gathering (how many + why)
what are the diggers
- peace + love
- summer of love 1967 - 100,000 attendees
- liberlisation towards sex + drugs
- 1969 NY 400,000 attendees Anti war statement
- believed in end of capitalism + free medical care + food
Student protests - COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY EVENTS
when was it
what sparked the events
what was the events
how many arrested
what was the outcome
1968
University expansion evicted HArlem resients + included construction of a park gym which consisted of a seperate door for harlem residents (predominately black)
1000 protestors siezed UNI buildings and put up pictures pf communist hereos
around 700
uni become more liberal in its policies but mainly gained lots of media attention which aided civil rights awareness
Anti war movement
1. When was the student peace union established
2. 1964 protest NY how many students
3. where were the ‘teach in’s’
4. describe the MOBE / washington / what happened
- 1959
- 1000
- Berkel’y
- 100,000 attendees - draft cards burned across LA
5.
Civil rights MLK 64-68
SELMA
what were the causes
15,000 black citizens only 335 registered to vote
Civil rights MLK 64-68
SELMA
what were the events
King led would-be voters to register - attacked
King jailed - published by NY times
SCLC + SNCC organised march Selma -> montgomery
Marchers attacked by state troops
Coined ‘bloddy sunday’
Made worldwide headlines
prodded congress to pass Voting rights act
Civil rights MLK 64-68
60’s EDUCATION
what % black people graduated vs white people and what was the result of this
POVERTY CYCLE
black people 32%
white people 56%
Civil rights MLK 64-68
Watts Riots - Los Angeles 1965
1. why did the riots start
2. what did MLK say in relation to the watts riots ? what was his definition of freedom
3. outcome of the riots
- in response to Malcom X death
- Riots were a social class issue - main issue is economic , freedom = economic eqaulity
- MLK plans Chicago campaign
Civil rights MLK 64-68
Chicago Campaign 1966
1. Causes
2. Aims
3. Events
4. Impact
- CAUSES - poverty in ghettos
- ghetto residents turned to radicalism + violence - Watts riots as a result of distrust in CR leaders
- large black pop - 700,000/3 mil - AIMS - turn getto residents to reject radicalism + violence as King thought it would lead to alienation of whites
- EVENTS - King led reporters around rat-infested ghetto apartment - media attention
- Marches in white districts - marchers abused - Mayor Daley promise to fix ghettos (doesnt happen) - IMPACT - Massive failure
-white tax payers unwilling to pay to help ghettos as loss of sympathy
- black residents turned to black power
- people stop responding to King
The growth of the womens movement
what was founded in 1966 and by who and what did they think
1966 - NOW National organisation of women
The growth of the womens movement
Airlines VS Stewardesses
1. in what year was this and what rule was unfair
2. what came as a result of this unfair rule
3.
- Once married or turned 32 stewardesses had to retire
- Union created - 1965 treatment of stewardesses in the News
Womens timetime
1) 1960- contraceptive pill avaliable
2) 1963 - Feminine mystique established
3) 1966 - NOW established
4) 1967 - Womens liberation movement formed
5) 1968 - Miss America beauty pageant
6) 1970 - Stewardesses win court case vs airlines
7) 1970 equal pay act
8) 1972 - Educational amendments act
1) 1960 - contraceptive pill - 11 million used it, men cannot control women
2) Feminien mystique 1963 - new ideas, popular among college students, said women have lack of chance to explore alternative lifestyles
3) 1966 - NOW established (national organisation for women)
4) 1967 - womens liberation movement formed - for equal pay
5) 1968 - Miss America beauty pageant protest, attention, brains not bodies
6) 1970 - stewardessed win court case
7) 1970 equal pay act
8) 1972 - educational amendements act - eliminate sex discrimination in all areas, 1971 - 7% stduents on althelte program female
The sexual revolution
Causes
- Stonewall uprising 1969 - safehaven raided by police
- contraception - pill 1960’s, condoms
- Counter culture
The sexual revolution
- Impacts of the causes
-. Kinsey report findings:
- changing attitudes towards homosexuality (Pride March NY)
- Erosion of marriage
- Kinsey report - 68% men + 50% women sex outside marraige
- 37% males + 13% females homosexual experience - Liberation of women - sex without kids
- Politics - Harvey Milk - elected official 1977 + murdered 1978
- sexual liberation
Johnson’s Great society
Name some acts he passed
- Air + Water quality act - set standards + made states enforce them
2.Medical care act - Medicaid + Medicare - Voting rights act
- Civil rights act
- Elementary + secondary education act - granted federal aid to poor children
Why did Americans swing to republicans in the late 1960’s?
Americans felt need to return to traditional values
Riots/protests
Loss in faith of democratic party
Loss of leadership
Loss in faith in Army
Controversies + newfound ideas
Tet Offensive:
- surprise attack by North Veitnam
- public loose confidence in US army
MLK assasination
- Riots in Washington
- Black panthers shootout
- TV coverage of funeral
Columbia UNi sit in’s
- triggered by ban of student demonstrations + plans to build gym in black neighbourhood
- police use brute force = sit in’s in retaliation
Robert F Kennedy assasinated
- Left loosing leadership
Democratic convention - CHICAGO
- Police brutality
- Events televised live - caused Hubert Humphreys to loose to Nixon
Black power salute
- Mexico Olympics as national anthem plays
What are the measures under attack by Nixon
Great Society/Welfare
Racial equality
- Bussing
-Affirmative action
The environment
How were these measures under attack by Nixon
Great Society/Welfare
Racial equality
- Bussing
-Affirmative action
The environment
Great society/welfare
- Attempted to introduce Family assistance plan - congress rejected
- Cut federal housing programmes
Racial equality - Bussing
- Nixon challenged supreme court ruling that allowed ‘bussing’ - Americans disliked bussing 8-1
Racial equality - Affirmative action
- Put pressure on federal contractors to employ minority workers -big impact
The enviroment
- Nixon produced legislation on endangered species (1969), created 642 parks
How far did he reverse these measure ?
Great Society/Welfare
Racial equality
- Bussing
-Affirmative action
The environment
Great society/welfare
- Not at all, in fact increased federal expenditure on medicare + medicaid, education - spent more on social programmes than Johnson
Racial equality - Bussing
- Completely reversed
Racial equality - affirmative action
Improved racial equality through affirmative action
The Enviroment
- Complete improvement for enviroment
Malcom X
what was his background
prison - learnt about NOI
Father murdered by racists
Malcom X
What was his attitude to MLK
Disliked - saw MLK to be humiliating of black power movement
Thought MLK encouraged violence against submissive black
Malcom X
What were The Nation of Islam beleifs
- Seperation of black + white
- Lifestyle without alcohol or extra marital sex
- Black economic independence
- Pride in culture
Malcom X
X’s significance
Successes + failures
Successes:
- Fear encouraged by Malcom among whites pushed passing of CRA
- Drew early attention to northern ghettos
-Influenced development of black power movement
Failures:
- Created conflict
- Didnt put his own self on the line
Malcom X
What was the impact of NOI
what did mlk say about NOI
- widespread influence
- MLK beleived to be humiliating as begging for access to white world
- Transformational impact, especially on young men
Black panthers
Impact on Ghettoes/Police brutality
Ghettoes:
- 40 clinics advising on health, welfare + le
why did america swing to republicans in the late 1960’s
Tet offensive: US public loose confidence in army
MLK assasinated: Riots erupt, black panthers shootout,
TV coverage of King funeral
Columbia uni sit ins
Robert F kennedy assainated: left loosing leadership
Democratic convention: Cause democrat Hubert Humphrey to loose to Nixon
Black power salute
all this issues made americans feel the need to return to traditional values (republican side)
