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biology > topic 2 - organisation: animal tissues, organs and organ systems > Flashcards

topic 2 - organisation: animal tissues, organs and organ systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance which increased the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction.

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2
Q

Why do enzymes catalyse specific reactions in living organisms?

A

Because of the shape of their active site.

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3
Q

What are all enzymes made up of?

A

Chains of amino acids.

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4
Q

What is ‘lock and key theory’?

A

The concept that each enzyme has an active site which the substrate has to fit inside in order for the enzyme to catalyse the reaction.

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5
Q

What happens when temperature is increased in an enzyme-calalysed reaction at first, and then what happens when it gets too hot?

A

At first, the rate of reaction will increase. If it gets too hot,
some of the bonds holding the enzyme together break, which changes the shape of the active sight, so the substrate no longer fits. The enzyme is said to be denatured.

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6
Q

What happens to an enzyme if the pH is too high or low?

A

It interferes with the bonds holding the enzyme together which changes the shape of the active site and denatures the enzyme.

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7
Q

What is often the pH that enzymes work best at?

A

pH 7

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8
Q

What is the formula for rate of reaction?

A

rate = 1000/time

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9
Q

Where is amylase produced? (3 places)

A

Salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine.

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10
Q

Where is protease produced? (3 places)

A

Stomach, pancreas and small intestine.

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11
Q

Where is lipase produced? (2 places)

A

Pancreas and small intestine.

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12
Q

What does amylase break down and what is it turned into?

A

Starch into simple sugars.

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13
Q

What does protease break down and what is it turned into?

A

Protein into amino acids.

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14
Q

What does lipase break down and what is it turned into (2 things)?

A

Lipids (fats) into glycerol and fatty acids.

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15
Q

What do digestive enzymes do?

A

Break food down into small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

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16
Q

What are the products of digestion used for?

A

Building new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Some glucose is used in respiration.

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17
Q

Where is bile made?

A

The liver.

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18
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

The gall bladder.

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19
Q

Why is bile alkaline?

A

To neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach.

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20
Q

What happens when bile emulsifies fat and why is this good?

A

Forms small droplets which increases the surface area. The alkaline conditions and large surface area increase the rate of fat breakdown by lipase.

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21
Q

Why does the stomach produce hydrochloric acid? (2 reasons)

A

To kill bacteria and provide the right pH for protease enzymes to work.

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22
Q

Which food test is used to identify sugars?

A

Benedict’s test.

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23
Q

Describe how to carry out a Benedict’s test. (5 steps)

A
  1. prepare a food sample
  2. prepare a water bath so it’s set to 75°C
  3. add about 10 drops of Benedict’s solution to the test tube using a pippette
  4. place the test tube in a water bath and leave it for 5 minutes
  5. if the food contains sugar, the solution will change from blue to green, yellow or brick red
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24
Q

Which food test is used to identify starch?

A

Iodine solution.

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25
Q

Describe how to carry out a starch test. (3 steps)

A
  1. prepare a food sample
  2. add a few drops of iodine solution and gently shake the test tube
  3. if the sample contains starch, the solution will turn from browny-orange to black or bluey-black
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26
Q

Which food test is used to identify proteins?

A

Biuret test.

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27
Q

Describe how to carry out a Biuret test. (3 steps)

A
  1. prepare a food sample
  2. add 2cm3 of Biuret solution and mix by gently shaking
  3. if the food sample contains protein, the solution will change from blue to purple
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28
Q

Which food test is used to identify lipids?

A

Sudan III test.

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29
Q

Describe how to carry out a Sudan III test. (3 steps)

A
  1. prepare a food sample
  2. use a pipette to add 3 drops of Sudan III soltuion and gently shake the test tube
  3. if the sample contains lipids, the solution will seperate into 2 layers and the top layer will be bright red
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30
Q

What are alveoli and what is their function?

A

Little air sacs where gaseous exchange happens.

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31
Q

What are alveoli surrounded by?

A

A network of capillaries.

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32
Q

What gas is the blood passing next to the alveoli that has just returned from the body high in?

A

Carbon dioxide.

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33
Q

How is oxygen transported from the alveolus to the blood?

A

Through diffusion.

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34
Q

Carbon dioxide is diffused out the _____ into the ________ to be breathed out.

A
  1. blood

2. alveolus

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35
Q

What do the red blood cells release when the blood reaches body cells?

A

Oxygen.

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36
Q

What does the trachea split into?

A

Two bronchi - one going to each lung.

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37
Q

What do the bronchi split into?

A

Bronchioles.

38
Q

What is at the end of the bronchioles?

A

Alveoli.

39
Q

Give an example of a double circulatory system.

A

The heart.

40
Q

Where does the right ventricle pump blood to and is it oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

41
Q

Where does the left ventricle pump blood to and is it oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

42
Q

What are the walls of the heart mostly made of?

A

Muscular tissue.

43
Q

Why does the heart have valves?

A

To prevent blood from flowing backwards.

44
Q

Vena cava - vein or artery? Oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Vein, deoxygenated.

45
Q

Aorta - vein or artery? Oxygenatedor deoxygenated?

A

Artery, oxygenated.

46
Q

Does the pulmonary vein carry oygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

Oxygenated.

47
Q

Does the pulmonary artery carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

Deoxygenated.

48
Q

Do arteries carry blood into or away from the heart?

A

Away from the heart.

49
Q

Do veins carry blood into or away from the heart?

A

Into the heart.

50
Q

When first entering the heart, does the blood flow into the atria or ventricles?

A

Atria.

51
Q

Which chamber does the pulmonary vein connect to?

A

The right atrium.

52
Q

Which chamber does the pulmonary artery connect to?

A

The right ventricle?

53
Q

Which chamber does the pulmonary vein connect to?

A

The left atrium.

54
Q

Which chamber does the aorta connect to?

A

The left ventricle.

55
Q

Name the four chambers of the heart.

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

56
Q

Which blood vesel do conorary arteries branch off of?

A

The aorta.

57
Q

What is the natural resting heart rate controlled by?

A

A group of cells which act as a pacemaker.

58
Q

Which chamber is the pacemaker located in?

A

The right atrium.

59
Q

In what circumstance would an artificial pacemaker be used?

A

If the heart’s natural pacemarker cells don’t work properly.

60
Q

How does an artificial pacemaker work?

A

It produces an electric current to correct irregularities in the heart rate.

61
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Exchange materials at tissues.

62
Q

Give at least 2 adaptations of arteries which mean that blood can be pumped through them at a high pressure.

A
  1. walls are strong and elastic
  2. walls are thick compared to the lumen
  3. contain thick layers of muscle to make them strong
  4. contain elastic fibres which allow them to stretch and spring back
63
Q

Is blood a cell, tissue, organ or organ system?

A

Tissue.

64
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

To carry oxygen from teh lungs to all the cells in the body.

65
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to their function?

A
  1. biconcave disc shape to give a large surface area for absorbing oxygen
  2. don’t have a nucleus so they have more room to carry oxygen
66
Q

What substance do red blood cells contain that makes them red?

A

Haemoglobin.

67
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

To defend against infection.

68
Q

How are white blood cells adapted to their function?

A
  1. they change shape to ingest unwanted microorganisms in a process called phagocytosis
  2. produce antibodies to fight microorganisms
  3. produce antitoxins to neutralise any toxins produced by microorganisms
69
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

To help blood clot.

70
Q

How are platelets adapted to their function?

A
  1. prevent excessive bleeding and bruising

2. stop microorganisms getting in

71
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Carries red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, nutrients like glucose and amino acids, carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, proteins, antibodies and antitoxins.

72
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When the coronary arteries (that supply the blood to the heart) get blocked by built-up layers of fatty material.

73
Q

Why can coronary heart disease cause a heart attack?

A

The build up of fat causes the arteries to narrow so there is a lack of oxygen being provided to the heart.

74
Q

What are stents and what are they used for?

A

Stents are metal tubes used to keep coronary arteries open.

75
Q

Give 2 advantages of stents.

A
  • Effective for a long time

* Quick recovery time from surgery

76
Q

Give 2 disadvantages of stents.

A
  • Risk of complications during operation
  • Risk of infection from surgery
  • Risk of patients developing a blood clot near the stent
77
Q

What are statins and what are they used for?

A

Statins are drugs used to reduce blood cholesterol levels which slows down the rate of fatty material deposit.

78
Q

Give 2 advantages of statins.

A
  • Reduce the risk of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attacks
  • Reduce the amount of bad cholesterol and increase teh amount of good cholesterol
  • May help prevent other diseases
79
Q

Giev 2 disadvantages of statins.

A
  • Risk that patient could forget to take them
  • Can cause (some serious) side effects
  • Takes time for them to kick in
80
Q

What can be used to replace a faulty heart valve?

A

Biological or mechanical valves.

81
Q

What are biological heart valves?

A

Valves taken from humans or other mammals.

82
Q

What are mechanical heart valves?

A

Man-made valves.

83
Q

What is an advantage of replacing leaky heart valves?

A

Much less drastic than a heart transplant.

84
Q

What is a disadvantage of replacing leaky heart valves?

A

It’s still a major surgery and there can be problems with blood clots.

85
Q

What are the consequances of a faulty heart valve?

A

Blood can flow in both directions or blood does’t circulate as effectively as normal.

86
Q

In what circumstance would doctors use a heart transplant as a treatment?

A

If a patient has heart failure.

87
Q

Where are hear transplants sourced from?

A

People who have recently died.§

88
Q

What are artificial hearts used for?

A

To keep patients alive whilst waiting for a heart transplant or to allow the heart to rest as an aid to recovery.

89
Q

What is an advantage of artificial hearts?

A

They are less likely to be rejected by the patient’s immune system.

90
Q

What is a disadvantage of artificial hearts?

A
  • The surgery to fit them can lead to infection
  • Don’t work as well as natural ones
  • Blood doesn’t always flow smoothly so can cause blood clots
91
Q

What is a disadvantage of a heart transplant?

A
  • Very invasive surgery

* Surgery can cause infection

92
Q

got up to

A

health issues

biology (24 decks)

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